Marie Edmonds

University of Cambridge

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John Maclennan

University of Cambridge

Penny Wieser

University of California, Berkeley

Clive Oppenheimer

University of Cambridge

Tamsin A. Mather

University of Oxford

Richard A. Herd

University of East Anglia

Evgenia Ilyinskaya

University of Leeds

Margaret E. Hartley

University of Manchester

Emily Mason

University of Cambridge

Emma Liu

University of California, Los Angeles

Frances E. Jenner

The Open University

Cooperative Institutions

University of Cambridge

107

Charles River Laboratories (Netherlands)

University of Bristol

University of Oxford

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

University of Leeds

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

United States Geological Survey

Montserrat Volcano Observatory

Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics

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Fe-XANES analyses of Reykjanes Ridge basalts: Implications for oceanic crust's role in the solid Earth oxygen cycle

Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2015)

Oliver Shorttle Yves Moussallam Margaret E. Hartley John Maclennan Marie Edmonds

The cycling of material from Earth's surface environment into its interior can couple mantle oxidation state to the evolution of the oceans and atmosphere. A major uncertainty in this exchange is whether altered oceanic crust entering subduction zones can carry the oxidised signal it inherits during alteration at the ridge into the deep mantle for long-term storage. Recycled oceanic crust may be entrained into mantle upwellings and melt under ocean islands, creating the potential for basalt chemistry to constrain solid Earth–hydrosphere redox coupling. Numerous independent observations suggest that Iceland contains a significant recycled oceanic crustal component, making it an ideal locality to investigate links between redox proxies and geochemical indices of enrichment. We have interrogated the elemental, isotope and redox geochemistry of basalts from the Reykjanes Ridge, which forms a 700 km transect of the Iceland plume. Over this distance, geophysical and geochemical tracers of plume influence vary dramatically, with the basalts recording both long- and short-wavelength heterogeneity in the Iceland plume. We present new high-precision Fe-XANES measurements of Fe3+/∑Fe on a suite of 64 basalt glasses from the Reykjanes Ridge. These basalts exhibit positive correlations between Fe3+/∑Fe and trace element and isotopic signals of enrichment, and become progressively oxidised towards Iceland: fractionation-corrected Fe3+/∑Fe increases by ∼0.015 and ΔQFM by ∼0.2 log units. We rule out a role for sulfur degassing in creating this trend, and by considering various redox melting processes and metasomatic source enrichment mechanisms, conclude that an intrinsically oxidised component within the Icelandic mantle is required. Given the previous evidence for entrained oceanic crustal material within the Iceland plume, we consider this the most plausible carrier of the oxidised signal. To determine the ferric iron content of the recycled component ([Fe2O3]source) we project observed liquid compositions to an estimate of Fe2O3 in the pure enriched endmember melt, and then apply simple fractional melting models, considering lherzolitic and pyroxenitic source mineralogies, to estimate [Fe2O3](source) content. Propagating uncertainty through these steps, we obtain a range of [Fe2O3](source) for the enriched melts (0.9–1.4 wt%) that is significantly greater than the ferric iron content of typical upper mantle lherzolites. This range of ferric iron contents is consistent with a hybridised lherzolite–basalt (pyroxenite) mantle component. The oxidised signal in enriched Icelandic basalts is therefore potential evidence for seafloor–hydrosphere interaction having oxidised ancient mid-ocean ridge crust, generating a return flux of oxygen into the deep mantle.

Mantle plume

Mineral redox buffer

Trace element

10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.017

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Citations (95)

Do olivine crystallization temperatures faithfully record mantle temperature variability?

EarthArXiv (California Digital Library) (2020)

Simon Matthews Kevin Wong Oliver Shorttle Marie Edmonds John Maclennan

Crystallization temperatures of primitive olivine crystals have been widely used as both a proxy for, or an intermediate step in calculating, mantle temperatures. The olivine-spinel aluminum-exchange thermometer has been applied to samples from mid-ocean ridges and large igneous provinces, yielding considerable variability in olivine crystallization temperatures. We supplement the existing data with new crystallization temperature estimates for Hawaii, between 1282±21 and 1375±19°C. Magmatic temperatures may be linked to mantle temperatures if the thermal changes during melting can be quantified. The magnitude of this temperature change depends on melt fraction, itself controlled by mantle temperature, mantle lithology and lithosphere thickness. Both mantle lithology and lithosphere thickness vary spatially and temporally, with systematic differences between mid-ocean ridges, ocean islands and large igneous provinces. For crystallization temperatures to provide robust evidence of mantle temperature variability, the controls of lithosphere thickness and mantle lithology on crystallization temperature must be isolated. We develop a multi-lithology melting model for predicting crystallization temperatures of magmas in both intra-plate volcanic provinces and mid-ocean ridges. We find that the high crystallization temperatures seen at mantle plume localities do require high mantle temperatures. In the absence of further constraints on mantle lithology or melt productivity, we cannot robustly infer variable plume temperatures between ocean-islands and large igneous provinces from crystallization temperatures alone; for example, the extremely high crystallization temperatures obtained for the Tortugal Phanerozoic komatiite could derive from mantle of comparable temperature to modern-day Hawaii. This work demonstrates the limit of petrological thermometers when other geodynamic parameters are poorly known.

Mantle plume

Hotspot (geology)

10.31223/osf.io/hqbgy

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Citations (3)

Decarbonation efficiency in subduction zones: Implications for warm Cretaceous climates

Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2011)

Fraser K.B. Johnston Alexandra V. Turchyn Marie Edmonds

Outgassing

Subaerial

Geochemical cycle

10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.049

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Citations (98)

Aerial strategies advance volcanic gas measurements at inaccessible, strongly degassing volcanoes

Science Advances (2020)

Emma Liu Alessandro Aiuppa Alfredo Alan Santiago Arellano Marcello Bitetto

Aerial measurements using unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) transform our ability to measure and monitor volcanic plumes.

Volcanic Gases

10.1126/sciadv.abb9103

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Citations (46)

Supplementary Datasets for Focused mid-crustal magma intrusion during continental break-up in Ethiopia'

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2022)

K.C. Wong David Ferguson Penny Wieser D. J. Morgan Marie Edmonds

Supplementary Datasets for Focused mid-crustal magma intrusion during continental break-up in Ethiopia', including geochemical analyses (standards, secondary standards, and data) Dataset S1: Full dataset of all standards, secondary standards, and data.
Dataset S2: High resolution calibrated transmitted and reflected light microscope images of analysed melt inclusions.

10.5281/zenodo.7930488

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Joint Inversions of Gas Emissions and Ground Deformation During and Following Volcanic Eruptions

2015 AGU Fall Meeting (2015)

Marie Edmonds Brendan McCormick Kilbride

Volcanic Gases

Source

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Issue Information

Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems (2019)

Paul D. Asimow Lucilla Benedetti J. G. Bryce Clinton P. Conrad F. J. Cooper

No abstract is available for this article.

10.1002/ggge.21609

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Melting, Differentiation and Degassing at the Pantelleria Volcano, Italy

Journal of Petrology (2012)

David A. Neave Gareth N. Fabbro Richard A. Herd Chiara Maria Petrone Marie Edmonds

We present the results of the first systematic study of melt compositions at Pantelleria, based on both melt inclusions and matrix glasses in pantellerites from 10 eruptions during the last eruptive cycle (<45 kyr). We present major and trace element compositions, as well as data on the volatiles sulphur (S), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and lithium (Li) Rare earth element (REE) compositions were inverted using the program INVMEL to establish the melt fraction vs depth relationship in the Pantellerian mantle source region. Inversion indicates that melts are generated by ∼1·7% melting of a light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched mantle source. The source lies principally within the spinel–garnet transition zone, which, on the basis of trace element ratios, shows some affinity to the source of North African magmatism. Major and trace element data indicate a gap in melt compositions at intermediate compositions, consistent with previously published whole-rock data. This gap rules out the possibility of explaining chemical variability in the Pantelleria lavas merely by changes in the crystal content of the magmas. Principal component analysis of major element glass compositions shows that the liquid line of descent for mafic melt compositions is controlled by clinopyroxene, plagioclase, magnetite and olivine crystallization. Alkali feldspar, clinopyroxene, ilmenite and olivine or aenigmatite crystallization controls the liquid line of descent for the silicic melt compositions, with aenigmatite broadly replacing olivine in the most evolved magmas. Trace element modelling indicates that 96% fractional crystallization is required to generate pantellerites from alkali basalts at Pantelleria (through trachytes, generated after 76% fractional crystallization). We have measured pantellerite volatile concentrations in melt inclusions and in matrix glasses from a variety of eruptions. Melt inclusions, on average, contain 350 ppm S, 3500 ppm F and 9000 ppm Cl. We have measured up to 4·9 wt % H2O and 150 ppm CO2 in melt inclusions. Li–H2O systematics and Cl abundances in melt inclusions are consistent with partitioning of Li and Cl into a subcritical hydrosaline fluid at low pressures. The volatiles H2O and CO2 are used to estimate melt equilibration pressures, which reach a maximum of 1·5 kbar. Temperatures of 800°C are calculated for the most evolved pantellerites, using published feldspar–melt geothermometers, and up to 870°C for the least evolved samples. Low melt viscosities are calculated for the range of pantellerite compositions observed and may account for rapid differentiation by crystal settling. Stable density stratification of the magma chamber is reflected in the eruption of generally progressively more fractionated compositions after the Green Tuff eruption during the last eruptive cycle. Some anomalies in this trend may be explained by variation in the relative rates of eruption vs fractionation. The density stratification is expected to be enhanced and further stabilized by the efficient migration of a fluid phase to the roof of the magma chamber. The sulphur data are used in combination with published experimental partitioning data for peralkaline rhyolites to estimate the sulphur yield to the atmosphere for a large pantelleritic eruption similar to the Green Tuff. This is expected to be markedly higher than for a similar-sized metaluminous rhyolitic or dacitic eruption, mainly owing to the higher bulk sulphur content, lower fluid–melt partition coefficients, and rapid differentiation and vapour phase segregation in the magma chamber.

Silicic

Incompatible element

Trace element

Fractional crystallization (geology)

Rare-earth element

Primitive mantle

10.1093/petrology/egr074

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Citations (77)

Petrographic and geochemical evidence for a complex magmatic plumbing system beneath Bagana volcano, Papua New Guinea

Journal of Petrology (2024)

Joshua R. Brown Iris Buisman Maria Paula Castellanos Melendez John B Dikaung Léa Dumon Steenssens

Abstract Bagana is a persistently active stratovolcano located on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea. Characteristic activity consists of prolonged lava effusion over months to years, with occasional shifts to explosive vulcanian or sub Plinian eruptions that threaten surrounding communities. Satellite observations have shown that Bagana is a major SO2 emitter, particularly during eruptive intervals. Despite persistent and potentially hazardous activity, no previous geophysical, petrological, or geochemical studies have constrained the magma storage conditions and reservoir processes at Bagana. To address this knowledge gap, we present new bulk rock major, trace element, and radiogenic isotope data, plus mineral phase major element compositions, for Bagana lavas erupted in 2005 and 2012 and ash erupted in 2016. We use our new data to understand the magmatic processes controlling the typical effusive activity and provide the first estimates of magma storage conditions beneath Bagana. The basaltic andesite bulk rock compositions (56–58 wt% SiO2) of our Bagana lavas reflect accumulation of a plagioclase + clinopyroxene + amphibole + magnetite + orthopyroxene crystal cargo by andesitic-dacitic (57–66 wt% SiO2) carrier melts. Constraints from clinopyroxene and amphibole thermobarometry, amphibole hygrometry, and experimental petrology suggest that the high-An plagioclase + clinopyroxene + amphibole + magnetite assemblage crystallizes from basaltic-basaltic andesite parental magmas with >4 wt% H2O, over a temperature interval of ~1100–900°C, at pressures of ~130–570 MPa, corresponding to ~5–21 km depth. Continued crystallization in the magma storage region at ~5–21 km depth produces andesitic to dacitic residual melts, which segregate and ascend towards the surface. These ascending melts entrain a diverse crystal cargo through interaction with melt-rich and mushy magma bodies. Degassing of carrier melts during ascent results in crystallization of low-An plagioclase and the formation of amphibole breakdown rims. The radiogenic isotope and trace element compositions of Bagana lavas suggest that parental magmas feeding the system derive from an enriched mantle source modified by both slab fluids and subducted sediments. Our findings suggest that the prolonged lava effusion and persistently high gas emissions that characterise Bagana’s activity in recent decades are sustained by a steady state regime of near-continuous ascent and degassing of magmas from the crustal plumbing system. Our characterisation of the Bagana magmatic plumbing system during effusive activity provides a valuable framework for interpreting ongoing monitoring data, and for identifying any differences in magmatic processes during any future shift to explosive activity.

Amphibole

Basaltic andesite

Stratovolcano

Fractional crystallization (geology)

10.1093/petrology/egae065

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High fluxes of deep volatiles from ocean island volcanoes: Insights from El Hierro, Canary Islands

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2019)

Z. Taracsák Margaret E. Hartley R. Burgess Marie Edmonds Fiona Iddon

Basaltic volcanism contributes significant fluxes of volatiles (CO2, H2O, S, F, Cl) to the Earth's surface environment. Quantifying volatile fluxes requires initial melt volatile concentrations to be determined, which can be accessed through crystal-hosted melt inclusions. However, melt inclusions in volatile-rich mafic alkaline basalts, such as those erupted at ocean islands, often trap partially degassed melts, meaning that magmatic volatile fluxes from these tectonic settings are often significantly underestimated. We have measured major, trace element and volatile concentrations in melt inclusions from a series of young (<20 ka) basanites from El Hierro, Canary Islands. Our melt inclusions show some of the highest CO2 (up to 3600 ppm) and S (up to 4290 ppm) concentrations measured in ocean island basalts to date, in agreement with data from the recent 2011–2012 eruption. Volatile enrichment is observed in melt inclusions with crystallisation-controlled major element compositions and highly variable trace element ratios such as La/Yb. We use volatile-trace element ratios to calculate original magmatic CO2 contents up to 4.2 wt%, which indicates at least 65% of the original CO2 was degassed prior to melt inclusion trapping. The trace element contents and ratios of El Hierro magmas are best reproduced by 1–8% partial melting of a garnet lherzolite mantle source. Our projected CO2 (200–680 ppm) and S (265–450 ppm) concentrations for the source are consistent with upper estimates for primitive mantle. However, El Hierro magmas have elevated F/Nd and F/Cl in comparison with melts from a primitive mantle, indicating that the mantle must also contain a component enriched in F and other volatiles, most probably recycled oceanic lithosphere. Our modelled original magmatic CO2 contents indicates that, per mass unit, volatile fluxes from El Hierro magmas are up to two orders of magnitude greater than from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts and 1.5–7 times greater than from recent Icelandic eruptions, indicating large variability in the primary volatile content of magmas formed in different geodynamic settings, or even within different ocean islands. Our results highlight the importance of characterising mantle heterogeneity in order to accurately constrain both short- and long-term magmatic volatile emissions and fluxes from ocean island volcanoes.

10.1016/j.gca.2019.05.020

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Citations (45)