We use both seismology and geobarometry to investigate the movement of melt through the volcanic crust of Iceland. We have captured melt in the act of moving within or through a series of sills ranging from the upper mantle to the shallow crust by the clusters of small earthquakes it produces as it forces its way upward. The melt is injected not just beneath the central volcanoes, but also at discrete locations along the rift zones and above the centre of the underlying mantle plume. We suggest that the high strain rates required to produce seismicity at depths of 10–25 km in a normally ductile part of the Icelandic crust are linked to the exsolution of carbon dioxide from the basaltic melts. The seismicity and geobarometry provide complementary information on the way that the melt moves through the crust, stalling and fractionating, and often freezing in one or more melt lenses on its way upwards: the seismicity shows what is happening instantaneously today, while the geobarometry gives constraints averaged over longer time scales on the depths of residence in the crust of melts prior to their eruption. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.

Icelandic

10.1098/rsta.2018.0010

Cite

Citations (28)

HCl emissions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies, during a second phase of dome building: November 1999 to October 2000

Bulletin of Volcanology (2001)

Marie Edmonds David M. Pyle Clive Oppenheimer

Melt inclusions

Dome (geology)

10.1007/s00445-001-0175-0

Cite

Citations (66)

Strombolian eruptions and dynamics of magma degassing at Yasur Volcano (Vanuatu)

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2020)

Julia Woitischek Andrew W. Woods Marie Edmonds Clive Oppenheimer Alessandro Aiuppa

Strombolian eruption

Outgassing

Volcanic Gases

Scoria

Fumarole

10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106869

Cite

Citations (24)

Sensitivity of OMI SO2 measurements to variable eruptive behaviour at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (2016)

Catherine Hayer G. Wadge Marie Edmonds T. Christopher

Since 2004, the satellite-borne Ozone Mapping Instrument (OMI) has observed sulphur dioxide (SO2) plumes during both quiescence and effusive eruptive activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. On average, OMI detected a SO2 plume 4–6 times more frequently during effusive periods than during quiescence in the 2008–2010 period. The increased ability of OMI to detect SO2 during eruptive periods is mainly due to an increase in plume altitude rather than a higher SO2 emission rate. Three styles of eruptive activity cause thermal lofting of gases (Vulcanian explosions; pyroclastic flows; a hot lava dome) and the resultant plume altitudes are estimated from observations and models. Most lofting plumes from Soufrière Hills are derived from hot domes and pyroclastic flows. Although Vulcanian explosions produced the largest plumes, some produced only negligible SO2 signals detected by OMI. OMI is most valuable for monitoring purposes at this volcano during periods of lava dome growth and during explosive activity.

Lava dome

Dome (geology)

10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.01.014

Cite

Citations (12)

Extensive, water-rich magma reservoir beneath southern Montserrat

Lithos (2016)

Marie Edmonds S. C. Kohn E. H. Hauri Madeleine C. S. Humphreys Michael Cassidy

Pyroxene

Melt inclusions

Magma chamber

10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.026

Cite

Citations (51)

Reconstructing Magma Storage Depths for the 2018 Kīlauean Eruption from Melt inclusion CO2 Contents: The Importance of Vapor Bubbles

EarthArXiv (California Digital Library) (2020)

Penny Wieser Hector Lamadrid John Maclennan Marie Edmonds Simon Matthews

The 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and the accompanying collapse of the summit caldera marked the most destructive episode of activity at Kīlauea Volcano in the last 200 years. The eruption was extremely well-monitored, with extensive real-time lava sampling as well as continuous geodetic data capturing the caldera collapse. This multi-parameter dataset provides an exceptional opportunity to determine the reservoir geometry and magma transport paths supplying Kīlauea’s LERZ. The forsterite contents of olivine crystals, together with the degree of major element disequilibrium with carrier melts, indicates that two distinct crystal populations were erupted from Fissure 8 (termed High- and Low-Fo). Melt inclusion entrapment pressures reveal that Low-Fo olivines (close to equilibrium with their carrier melts) crystallized within the Halema’uma’u reservoir (~2 km depth), while many High-Fo olivines (>Fo81.5; far from equilibrium with their carrier melts) crystallized within the South Caldera reservoir (~3-5 km depth). Melt inclusions in High-Fo olivines experienced extensive post-entrapment crystallization following their incorporation into cooler, more evolved melts. This favoured the growth of a CO2-rich vapor bubble, containing up to 99% of the total melt inclusion CO2 budget (median=93%). If this CO2-rich bubble is not accounted for, entrapment depths are significantly underestimated. Conversely, reconstructions using equation of state methods rather than direct measurements of vapor bubbles overestimate entrapment depths. Overall, we show that direct measurements of melts and vapor bubbles by SIMS and Raman Spectroscopy, combined with a suitable H2O-CO2 solubility model, is a powerful tool to identify the magma storage reservoirs supplying volcanic eruptions

Melt inclusions

Caldera

Petrophysics

10.31223/x5x60v

Cite

Citations (3)