Plate tectonic modelling and the energy transition
Jean‐Christophe Wrobel‐DaveauGraeme NicollMichael G. TetleyBenjamin GréselleLucía Pérez‐DíazAndrew DaviesB. M. Eglington
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This study addresses some fundamental problems of tectonics and geodynamics of the Central Asian folded belt, the largest tectonic structure in Eurasia. The article presents results of long-term researches conducted by scientists and geologists specialized in various disciplines which contribute to the knowledge of the origin and breakup of Rodinia and formation of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. It considers problems of development of the Central Asian folded belt that was formed in the area of the Paleo-Asian Ocean and describes its subduction magmatism and marginal-marine sedimentation, formation of island arcs, processes of exhumation of the oceanic crust and formation of high-pressure blueschist and eclogite-blueschist complexes. Outstanding fundamental issues of the geodynamic evolution of the Central Asian folded belt are noted.
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The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics The relationships between the interior dynamics of our planet and global sea level can be unravelled when plate-tectonic reconstructions are available for the entire Earth. A review of global tectonics reveals significant deficiencies in our understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Pacific (Panthalassa or Proto-Pacific) during the Cambrian-Jurassic time-span. This particular, but major, shortcoming presents a true challenge for modern geoscientists, who are encouraged to produce a detailed plate-tectonic reconstruction of the Pacific for the pre-Cretaceous in order to advance our understanding of Phanerozoic sea-level change. A set of approaches, including geological/geophysical modelling, investigation of accretionary prisms, palaeobiogeographical studies, and careful examination of eustatic sea-level changes, are proposed that will help geoscientists tackle the challenge of understanding how Pacific geodynamics affected global sea level during the Phanerozoic.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to present the life and research of Alfred Rittmann (1893–1980). He was an Earth scientist in the broadest sense: a petrographer, mineralogist, magmatologist, tectonist, geodynamicist, planetologist, volcanologist and, what is more, a philosopher of geosciences. He is considered the founder of contemporary, volcanology by combining in his interdisciplinary research the study of volcanic phenomena at the surface with tectonic activity and magmatology. In his books, Rittmann discussed the first correlations between volcanism and tectonics; his geodynamic model comprises complex studies of geology, volcanology, magmatology and geodynamics. We propose to name his scientific worldview ‘Magmatological Tectonics’ (MT) and to describe it as a Kuhnian paradigm. The leading concept of all geological processes is the fundamental law. Rittmann also made abundant use of Chamberlin’s method, the method of multiple working hypotheses. Some brief interpretations will be proposed regarding the importance of Rittmann in the history of geosciences in the twentieth century and the emergence of some philosophical problems deriving from this research.
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Both the earth surface system and the history of geology have the characteristics of interfacing between natural and social sciences. The content and the aim of research on these two fields are related each other. They reveal from different view points the objective regularities of various geological functions and geological processes to promote the harmonic development between humans and nature. Among all the geological disciplines of Earth surface system, regional tectonics occupies an important position. Therefore the discussion on the research history of the regional tectonics in China is significant in the study of the history of geology. The paper delineates the 6 research stages for the regional tectonics in China, summarizes experiences and progressions, and indicates that the social environment, guidelines in the scientific research, the level of contemporary science and technology and the way of thinking are the key factors determining the development of the scientific research. In the 21st century, earth surface system becomes one of the major research fields in the earth sciences. The research of regional tectonics in China has to merge with the study of earth surface system.
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This map portrays the geodynamics of Northeast Asia at a scale of 1:5,000,000 using the concepts of plate tectonics and analysis of terranes and overlap assemblages. The map is the result of a detailed compilation and synthesis at 5 million scale and is part of a major international collaborative study of the conducted from 1997 through 2002 by geologists from earth science agencies and universities in Russia, Mongolia, Northeastern China, South Korea, Japan, and the USA. Mineral Resources, Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of Northeast Asia
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<p>Geodynamic evolution of Earth&#8217;s mantle and lithosphere is inextricably linked to the evolution of its atmosphere, oceans, landscape and life (e.g., Stern, 2016; Pellissier et al., 2017; Zaffos et al., 2017; Zerkle. 2018). In this context, modern-style plate tectonics that was established gradually through geological time (e.g., Gerya, 2019) is often viewed as a strong promoter of biological evolution (e.g., Pellissier et al., 2017; Zerkle, 2018; Stern, 2016). The influences of this global tectono-magmatic style are at least twofold (e.g., Zerkle, 2018; Stern, 2016). Firstly, life is sustained by a critical set of elements contained within rock, ocean and atmosphere reservoirs and cycled between Earth&#8217;s surface and interior via various tectonic, magmatic and surface processes (Zerkle, 2018); plate tectonics is very effective for this recycling. Second, plate tectonics is an unparalleled agent for redistributing continents and oceans, growing mountain ranges, and forming land bridges, and provides continuous but moderate environmental pressures that isolate and stimulate populations to adapt and evolve (Stern, 2016). Importantly, modern-style plate tectonics itself exerts continuous moderate environmental pressures that drive evolution and stimulate populations to adapt and evolve without being capable of extinguishing all life (Stern 2016). The power of plate tectonics for both nutrient recycling and paleogeographic rededistributions &#160;suggests that a planet with oceans, continents, and modern-style plate tectonics maximizes opportunities for speciation and natural selection, whereas a similar planet without plate tectonics provides fewer such opportunities (Stern, 2016). &#160;The evolution of life must intimately reflect Earth&#8217;s tectonic evolution.</p><p>It is important to also point out that timescales of biological evolution of complex life estimated on the basis of the analysis of phylogenies and/or fossils are rather long and comparable to geodynamic timescales (e.g., Alroy, 2008; Marshall, 2017). This timescale similarity creates an opportunity for investigating lithospheric and mantle processes with life evolution by developing and testing novel hybrid bio-geodynamical numerical models. These are currently emerging.&#160;Here, we review state of the art for understanding the complex relationship between lithospheric dynamics and life evolution and present some recent examples of numerical modeling studies investigating Earth&#8217;s bio-geodynamic evolution.</p><p><strong>&#160;</strong><strong>References </strong></p><p>Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 11536.</p><p>Gerya, T. (2019) Geodynamics of the early Earth:&#160; Quest for the missing paradigm. Geology, DOI:10.1130/focus-Oct2019.</p><p>Marshall, C. R. (2017). Five palaeobiological laws needed to understand the evolution of the living biota. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(6), 0165.</p><p>Pellissier, L., Heine, C., Rosauer, D.F., Albouy, C. (2017)&#160; Are global hotspots of endemic richness shaped by plate tectonics? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 123 (1), 247-261.</p><p>Stern, R.J. (2016) Is plate tectonics needed to evolve technological species on exoplanets? Geoscience Frontiers, 7, 573-580.</p><p>Zaffos, A., Finnegan, S, Peters, S.E. (2017) Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity. PNAS, 114, 5653&#8211;5658.</p><p>Zerkle A. L. (2018) Biogeodynamics: bridging the gap between surface and deep Earth processes. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376, 20170401. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0401)</p>
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