Bioerosion in Ostrea lamellosa shells from the Messinian of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria)
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Bioerosional trace fossils (borings) are reported for the first time in Algeria. Three ichnotaxa observed in the shells of Ostrea lamellosa from the lower Messinian (upper Miocene) deposits of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria) are described. The ichnotaxa are Entobia cf. geometrica, Gastrochaenolites cf. torpedo and Trypanites isp.. Ostrea lamellosa shells are encrusted by balanid barnacles which are bored by Trypanites isp.. The ichnoassemblage is assigned to the Trypanites ichnofacies. Besides the bioerosion and encrustation described herein, specimens permitted the identification of the different phases of the Messinian transgression across the Souk el Khemis shoal.Keywords:
Bioerosion
Ichnofacies
Ichnology
Shoal
Marine transgression
Marine deposits in Shahejie Formation of Dongpu Depression whether it is true or not remains a question.However,Ichnology integrated with sedimentology and palaeontology could be a useful tool in solving this problem.In Well Kai 31,marine regression records indicated by flaser bedding(Well depth 3 553.30 m) followed by double clay drapes(3 552.70 m) and hummocky cross-bedding as well as plant roots(3 551.50 m) showing the environment from foreshore,shoreface shift to backshore.Another marine regression sequence existed in Well Xinhu 4 where marine trace fossils of Diplocraterion,Palaeophycos,Terebellina(2 969.10 m,2 966.40 m) are also covered by plant roots(2 931.93 m) indicated the sea level fall.In contrast to marine regression records marine transgression sequence recorded by lenticular bedding,plant roots,horringbone cross bedding from Well Kai 34 are interpreted as foreshore environment.Trace fossils of Thalassinoides,Macaronichnus suggesting a shoreface environment occur.Strong bioturbated beds and body fossils of coccoliths are considered as offshore(shallow marine) environment.Studies show that the environment from backshore to offshore can be recognized by means of ichnology integrated with sedimentology and palaeontology in Dongpu Depression.Studies also show that the discoutinuous surface indicating by firm-ground substrate controlled ichnofacies associated with marine transgression sequence are helpful in forming discordant trap.
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Marine transgression
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Bedding
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Ichnofacies
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Abstract: Neogene palaeoshore sediments are abundantly represented along the Mediterranean coast of Iberia. An outcrop north of the Sierra Tejeda, named La Resinera, exposes concentrations of pebbles and boulders of marble, comprising an upper Miocene marine beach deposit. The high diversity of bioerosion trace fossils present in these boulders includes structures produced by polychaete annelids, demosponges, echinoids and endolithic bivalves, which indicate a shallow shoreface environment. The ichnotaxa represented are Maeandropolydora sulcans , Caulostrepsis taeniola , Entobia geometrica , Entobia ovula , Circolites kotoncensis , Gastrochaenolites torpedo , Gastrochaenolites lapidicus , Gastrochaenolites ornatus and Gastrochaenolites turbinatus . The borings are Tortonian (late Miocene) in age. Also present, and particularly abundant, are large sponge borings that have a single chamber from which radiating canals emerge. This trace fossil is designated as Entobia resinensis isp. nov.
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Neogene
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A limestone karst topography on the island of Rhodes, Greece, was flooded by a tectonically dominated transgression starting in late Pliocene time. Surfaces in contact with seawater were sculptured by communities of boring and rasping organisms. A raised cliff, studied in detail, comprises habitats such as a cliff‐foot platform, steep surfaces along the cliffline, a cave, and overhangs. Each habitat has a distinctive bioerosion sculpture. Four trace fossil suites were recognized, comprising six ichnocoenoses, the work of different endolithic paleocommunities in environments ranging from illuminated, shallow water cliff‐face to aphotic, tranquil inner reaches of the cave. As the transgression progressed, and surfaces were exposed to deepening water, new trace fossils were superimposed on old. Thirty‐one ichnospecies were identified, belonging to Caulostrepsis, Cen‐trichnus, Conchotrema, Entobia, Gastrochaenolites, Gnathichnus, Maeandropolydora, Oichnus, Phrixichnus (new), Radulichnus, Ren‐ichnus, Rogerella, and Trypanites. The bivalve(?) boring Phrixichnus phrix and the sponge boring Entobia goniodes are new. Some Gastrochaenolites contain body fossils of boring bivalves. The ichnotaxa are distributed among six ichnoguilds. The trace fossils show a range of preservation potentials according to the tier in which they were emplaced. Two ichnofacies are denned, according to site of preservation of the material: an entobian ichnofacies and a gnathichnian ichnofacies.
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Bioerosional trace fossils (borings) are reported for the first time in Algeria. Three ichnotaxa observed in the shells of Ostrea lamellosa from the lower Messinian (upper Miocene) deposits of the Tafna basin (NW Algeria) are described. The ichnotaxa are Entobia cf. geometrica, Gastrochaenolites cf. torpedo and Trypanites isp.. Ostrea lamellosa shells are encrusted by balanid barnacles which are bored by Trypanites isp.. The ichnoassemblage is assigned to the Trypanites ichnofacies. Besides the bioerosion and encrustation described herein, specimens permitted the identification of the different phases of the Messinian transgression across the Souk el Khemis shoal.
Bioerosion
Ichnofacies
Ichnology
Shoal
Marine transgression
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The end‐Permian mass extinction was the largest biotic crisis in the Phanerozoic. Previous studies of this catastrophe have mainly concentrated on geochemistry or body fossil records. The Changhsingian Talung Formation strata exposed in the Penglaitan section, the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Guadalupian−Lopingian boundary in Laibin, South China, yield abundant trace fossils that have not been systematically described yet. Herein, we report abundant ichnotaxa from the Talung Formation, including 12 ichnospecies in 10 ichnogenera: Didymaulichnus isp., Helicorhaphe tortilis , Nereites isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites beverleyensis , Planolites montanus , Protovirgularia dichotoma , Protovirgularia longespicata , Rusophycus isp., Skolithos linearis , Thalassinoides isp., and Treptichnus isp. They can be assigned to two ichnoassemblages: the Nereites − Planolites (beds 18–45) and Protovirgularia−Skolithos (beds 46–59) ichnoassemblages. Ichnological and sedimentological features indicate that the former ichnoassemblage was probably developed in a deep‐marine turbidite setting, while the latter ichnoassemblage represents an ichnofossil record from a shallow marine environment, that is, subtidal to supratidal zones. In addition, the continuous ichnological records spanning from the Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian, together with facies features show a distinct regression, and they also indicate that diverse trace makers, such as arthropods, bivalves, and worms may have inhabited the Lopingian ocean, with no sign of the long‐term environmental deterioration in the studied area.
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Paleobiology of firmground burrowers and cryptobionts at a Miocene omission surface, Alcoi, SE Spain
Abstract A well-preserved omission surface (sedimentary discontinuity) in an outcrop near Alcoi in southeastern Spain displays trace fossils and body fossils that reflect a dynamic benthic community during the Miocene (Langhian–Tortonian). This outcrop, besides being the type locality of Spongeliomorpha iberica Saporta, 1887, exhibits other abundant trace fossils, such as Glossifungites saxicava Łomnicki, 1886 and Gastrochaenolites ornatus Kelly and Bromley, 1984. These trace fossils are restricted to a single stratigraphic horizon and constitute a typical firmground ichnoassemblage of the Glossifungites ichnofacies. The interiors of some of the Glossifungites and Spongeliomorpha burrows were occupied by encrusting balanomorph barnacles ( Actinobalanus dolosus Darwin, 1854). This paper is the first report of cryptic barnacles colonizing the interior of open burrows that constitute a typical firmground ichnocoenose in the fossil record. Detailed ichnologic study demonstrates that the ichnospecies Glossifungites saxicava stands as a valid ichnotaxon and is not a synonym of the ichnogenus Rhizocorallium , as has been suggested by some previous workers.
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