Dextral Strike‐Slip and Normal Faulting During Middle Miocene Back‐Arc Extension and Westward Anatolia Extrusion in Central Greece
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Abstract The present‐day Aegean tectonic configuration is marked by the interplay between Hellenic slab rollback and Anatolian extrusion, explaining the formation of extensional basins and dextral strike‐slip faults. We aim to constrain middle Miocene activity of dextral strike‐slip and normal faults in Central Greece with structural analysis and low‐temperature data. We show that onshore middle Miocene basins are controlled by both NW‐striking normal faults and NE‐striking dextral strike‐slip faults. E‐striking normal faults developed during the Plio‐Quaternary inside pre‐existing NW‐striking fault zones. Stress tensor calculations show that in the middle Miocene, NW‐striking normal faults and NE‐striking dextral faults are compatible, confirming their coeval activity. In contrast, the Plio‐Quaternary stress tensor suggests an almost N‐S radial extension, which is not compatible with NE‐striking dextral faults in Central Greece. Apatite fission‐track data additionally constrain middle Miocene local cooling near NW‐striking normal faults. They also support a difference in the amount of exhumation between Central Greece and the Cyclades, likely accommodated by the Pelagonian dextral strike‐slip fault. We propose that in the middle Miocene, the co‐existence of dextral strike‐slip and normal faults is associated with an almost N‐S extension related to trench retreat and an E‐W compression related to westward extrusion of Anatolia. The progressive trench curvature during rollback implies block rotation, accommodated by the Pelagonian fault, and subsequent normal fault and extensional stress rotation. During the Plio‐Quaternary, a change in extensional direction from NE‐SW to N‐S implies the formation of E‐striking normal faults inside NW‐striking fault zones, defining oblique rift systems.Keywords:
Neogene
Neogene
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The Dien Bien Phu (DBP) fault zone is one of the most seismically active fault systems in the Indochina, extending over a distance of some 150 km from the border between Yunnan, China and Vietnam through NW Vietnam into Laos. The faults are characterized by strike-slip and oblique-slip, with dipping angle of 60°~70° to the west in the northern part and 70°~°80 (even to 90°) in the southern part of the fault zone. Three Neogene basins resulting from various mechanisms formed along the fault zone, e.g. Chan Nua, Lai Chau, and Dien Bien Phu basins. Field investigation and interpretation to the EMT images in the DBP fault zone reveals two stages of tectonic development of the fault zone: an early stage characterized by dextral and reverse-dextral strike-slip faulting and a late stage characterized by sinistral strike-slip faulting. Various offset degrees of sinistral slip, judged from the features of water system on both sides of the fault, suggest a relatively stronger activity of the western block that is so-called active block, compared to the eastern one. Based on the ETM image analysis and field survey in Jinping, Southern Yunnan, China and Laichau, Vietnam, we found that the northern DBP fault zone may be linked with the Sanjiahe fault zone, which is similar to the DBP fault zone in structural characteristics and evolution, and even approaches the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone. Geometrically and kinematically, the DBP fault and the recently dextral Red River fault zone form a conjugate shear due to a stress field of EW extension and NS compression.
Neogene
Echelon formation
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Three main NNE-striking strike-slip faults are developed in JZ27-33 block of Liaodong Bay,i.e.,Liaozhong 3 fault(or Liaozhong 1 fault),Liaozhong 2 fault and Liaodong 2 fault.These 3 faults assume en echelon distribution on the plane,with many secondary normal faults of strike-slipping nature developed between them.These normal faults strike NE or NEE and obliquely intersect main strike-slip faults,and the sharp angle between them indicates the corresponding stratigraphic moving direction on the plane.Negative flower structure is another important feature of the giant strike-slip faults.It is therefore concluded that the faults of the study area have characteristics of on the plane and negative flower structure on the cross-section,and that the faults in JZ27-33 block of Liaodong Bay formed a typical extensional dextral strike-slip duplex system,with the main controlling factors composed of the dextral strike-slip and plane distribution of Tanlu fault,the multi-phase tectonic movement and the brittle sedimentary layers.
Transform fault
Echelon formation
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The 'Scotiadalen Fault'appears on many maps but has not been identified as a single fault in the field. In addition, the sense of motion on the fault has been an open question. Here I show that this structure is a zone of distributed dextral strike-slip that is probably the result of Tertiary plate motion as the North Atlantic opened. As such it is one of the very few fault zones documented to show direct evidence of dextral, presumably Tertiary, strike-slip.
Transform fault
Echelon formation
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Transpression
Transtension
Echelon formation
Strain partitioning
Transform fault
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Strike-slip faults and associated tectonic structures have been investigated in the Holy Cross Mountains fold belt (HCM), which is located eastwards of the Variscan foreland basin. The strike-slip fault sets form a complex network, which developed during two faulting stages: in Late Palaeozoic (I) and Maastrichtian/Palaeocene (II) times. The Late Palaeozoic fault pattern formed as a result of at least two strike-slip events: I-1 and I-2. During the first event (I-1), a N–S-striking dextral strike-slip fault set and a NNE–SSW to NE–SW-striking sinistral strike-slip fault set developed. During the next event (I-2), dextral strike slip occurred along the WNW–ESE-striking longitudinal master faults and formed a NW–SE to NNW–SSE-striking sinistral secondary strike-slip fault set. During this event, in zones north and south of the Holy Cross Fault, faultbounded blocks developed which were rotated dextrally as a result of further displacements. The strikeslip fault network was overprinted during the Maastrichtian/Palaeocene second strike-slip stage (II).
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We use freely available Google satellite data, instrumental seismicity, fault plane solutions, and previously mapped structural and geological maps to identify new fault zones in central Borneo. We have mapped a number of ~NW-SE trending dextral strike-slip faults and ~NE-SW to ~N-S trending sinistral strike-slip fault zones. The geomorphic expression of faulting is shown by the well-developed triangular facets, fault rupture scarps, truncated sedimentary beds, topographic breaks, displaced ridges, deflected streams, faulted Plio-Pleistocene volcanic deposits, and back-tilted Holocene to Recent sedimentary deposits. Some of the mapped faults are actively growing, and show text-book examples of dextral and sinistral offset, which ranges from ~450 m to tens of km. The dextral strike-slip fault systems are clearly developed in the central and eastern portions of Borneo where they cut through the folded sedimentary sequences for >220 km. The ~NE-SW to ~N-S trending sinistral strike-slip faults are dominantly developed in the eastern portion of central Borneo for >230 km. The geomorphic expression of faulting is clear and the fault scarps are ~SE facing for the sinistral fault system, and ~NE facing for the dextral fault system. The age of the faulting is constrained by the cross-cutting relationship where the fault cuts through Plio-Pleistocene volcanic deposits for >30 km, which suggests a neotectonic nature of faulting. The strike-slip fault systems that we have mapped here provide the first geomorphic evidence of large-scale strike-slip faulting in Borneo and suggest the presence of a major sinistral strike-slip fault that runs for >900 km through the center of Borneo, and forms a backbone onto which most of the mapped structures root. The mapped structures clearly suggest that plate tectonic forces dominantly control the geological structures that we have mapped and support the regional oblique convergence that is oblique with respect to the major trend of the Crocker Range, which forms the spine of the Borneo Island.
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The Zhonggu Fault,located in the Yuanjiang-Yuanyang basin and active strike-slip fault since Neogene,is part of the southern segment of the Red River Fault.Its neotectonic movement resulted in the separation of the Red River basin(a Miocene basin)into two sub-basins and a dextral slip extending to the Guotoushan-Damanmi region.The concomitant mountain frontal fault,which was the dominant fault in Oligocene,is of normal faulting.Its activity resulted in the accumulation of red continental clastic sediments in the eastern and northeastern Yuanyang.The mountain frontal normal fault extended to the northwest of Honghe County and formed the deposition of conglomerate in early Miocene.Along the Zhonggu Fault,which offset Miocene sediments with high angles,the geological features,including the compressive fold with axis trending NE,the compressional deformation landforms,the distribution the Miocene to Quaternary sediments migrating from SE to NW successively and their delayed distribution at the northeastern wall of the Zhonggu Fault,all suggest that the southern segment of the Red River fault has been expanding from SE to NW and there has been the dextral strike-slip faulting since Miocene.The geological evidences,such as thick lower-mid Miocene conglomerate deposited in mountain front,the shear deformation involved in Zhonggu Fault which was more intense in Miocene than that in Pliocene,the shear zone of Zhonggu Fault mainly located in lower-mid Miocene sediments,indicate the large scale dextral slip occurring at mid Miocene,and its fission track age is 13.7Ma.The magnitude of dextral offset on the south segment of Red River Fault since Miocene was calculated by multiple means,e.g.the horizontal dimensions of the offset of Miocene sediment,the length of foreland basin and deformation width relating to the Zhonggu Fault slip,and the relationship between the offset and width of fault,with the result ranging from 62～69km(the mean is 65km).The data also suggest that dextral slip of the Red River fault experienced the process of transition(N1),initial dextral slip(N21),large scale dextral slip(N31-N12),and dextral slip propagation(N22-Q1p)phases.The related activity of the Red River fault altered between shear slip and extensional slip.
Neogene
Conglomerate
Normal fault
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Bohai Sea was traversed by the Tanlu fault belt,and the formation of faults in Bohai Sea is relative to the strike-slip of Tanlu fault belt.The dextral slip of Tanlu fault and the conjugated sinistral slip of the Zhangjiakou-Penglai fault have occurred since the Eogene period.The two faults respectively controlled the formation of small faults in Laizhou Bay to Middle Bohai Sea to Liaodong Bay areas and the western Bohai Sea.The small faults mainly distributed along the strike slip faults and had the strikes of NE,NEE,EW and NWW directions,among them,the NE and NEE directions are the main strikes.These small faults mainly took on the shape as reverse S in plane and as flower in profile.The formation mechanism of these phenomena can be explained by the non-co-axial progressive deformation.Under the action of late continuous simple shear,the normal fault with NE direction developed in the early stage could rotate and form the NEE strike fault with a certain sinistral slip displacement.At the same time,the NEE strike fault could rotate and reserve as a NWW strike fault.So,the complicated strike-slip fault system was generated in Bohai Sea during the Neogene period and Quaternary period under the action of the non-co-axial progressive deformation.
Neogene
Transform fault
Fault plane
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Dextral strike-slip movement on the Sticklepath-Lustleigh fault zone (SLFZ) is indicated by displacements of ?Permian and older rocks. Previous authors have inferred that the main dextral movement which caused these displacements was post- Permian and, noting the presence of small Tertiary pull-apart basins along the fault zone, probably of Tertiary age. However, the geometry of these early Tertiary pull-apart basins indicates sinistral rather than dextral strike-slip movement. We present an alternative model for the history of the Sticklepath-Lustleigh fault zone, summarized below: 1 Late Variscan strike-slip movement, with a total displacement of up to 10 km, produced the SLFZ and offset dextrally an earlier Variscan thrust. 2. Extensional reactivation of this thrust led to rapid Permo-Triassic subsidence in the Crediton Trough and a dextrally offset neighbour, the Hatherleigh outlier. 3. Approximately 6 km of early Tertiary sinistral movement on the SLFZ produced small pull-apart sedimentary basins, and reduced the net dextral offset across the fault. 4. In mid-Tertiary times, minor dextral movements on the SLFZ may have produced reverse faulting on the margins of the Tertiary basins.
Normal fault
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