Temporal evolution of micro-eruptions within the crater lake of White Island (Whakaari) during January/February 2013
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White (mutation)
Crater lake
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Phreatic eruption
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Phreatomagmatic eruption
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The climactic eruption of Mount Mazama and the resulting sedimentation may have been the most significant convulsive sedimentary event in North America during Holocene time. A collapse caldera 1,200 m deep and 10 km in diameter was formed in Mount Mazama, and its floor was covered by hundreds of meters of wall-collapse debris. Wind-blown pyroclastic ash extended 2,000 km northeast from Mount Mazama and covered more than 1,000,000 km2 of the continent. On the Pacific Ocean floor, Mazama ash was transported westward 600 to 700 km along deep-sea channels by turbidity currents.
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Whakaari/White Island is a partially submerged, offshore andesite island volcano, located at the northern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Since the late 1960s, volcanic activity has alternated between quiescence, unrest, and eruption on short timescales. For this review we compiled extensive observational records, examined the rich scientific literature, and use newly acquired data, to understand the broad volcanic history and system dynamics. Based on recent bathymetry data, we propose a distinction exists between the Whakaari edifice and Te Paepae o Aotea/Volkner Rocks, which were previously considered to be part of the same edifice. Geochemical analyses of scoria samples from the island have been used to build a magma system model where dominantly andesitic-dacitic magma is periodically intruded by basalt. More dynamic processes are recorded in the hydrothermal system, where the location and activity of fumarolic features have been ephemeral and the crater lake has varied in scale over short time intervals. Eruptions of the dominantly andesitic magma have historically been small and range from phreatomagmatic through to magmatic, largely depositing ash and scoria to a restricted distance that is confined to the main crater floor. Phreatic eruptions are the most common eruption style, based on recently observed and monitored activity.
Phreatomagmatic eruption
Scoria
Cinder cone
Basaltic andesite
Stratovolcano
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White Island volcano erupted fresh andesite during March 1977, in the first emission of new lava bombs and blocks recorded in historic time. Preliminary analytical data indicate that the new lava differs petrographically and chemically from all other analysed White Island lavas. The eruption commenced with ejection of accessory ash derived from crater floor debris, overlying a shallow magma intrusion which has been causing inflation of the crater floor since 1973.
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The paper presents the results of integrated geophysical observations of the Ebeko Volcano's activity in late 2018 and early 2019. The instrument complex for observation was located at the Severo-Kurilsk seismic station at a distance of 7.2 km far from the volcanic crater. Three types of response in the vertical component of the electric field of the atmosphere have been distinguished during the drift of eruptive clouds from the Ebeko Volcano's explosions, which gives evidence for various mechanisms of their occurrence. The registration of infrasonic acoustic signals in the near zone made it possible to estimate the trinitrotoluene equivalent for the strongest explosions, which was calculated to be about 100 kg of trinitrotoluene. The authors have revealed certain regularities in the dynamics of the volumetric activity of radon, associated with variations in meteorological values and hydrological features of the registration point. A long period of its activity and the proximity of the observation point to the crater give reason to suggest Ebeko Volcano to be a natural laboratory for studying the mechanisms of eruptions.
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Lahar
Crater lake
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Lava dome
Effusive eruption
Dome (geology)
Strombolian eruption
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