Glacial landform assemblages and pedestal moraines in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru)
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Surface exposure dating
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Abstract Abstract Observations of geomorphic and sedimentary processes occurring in modern glaciers allows interpretations of the genesis of older glacial deposits and landforms and has led glacial geomorphologists and geologists to place a greater emphasis on studies of glacial sedimentology. This research investigates the genesis of Little Ice Age (LIA) moraines present in Portage Glacier Valley, south-central Alaska using till fabric and grain size analysis. The present-day moraine morphology and sedimentology in Portage Glacier Valley reveals the presence of two types of till and moraines. The clast-rich medium to coarse sandy diamicton present in the AD 1852 moraine is interpreted to be a lodgment till indicating that this feature is primarily a Type A push moraine representing glacial advance of Portage Glacier prior to AD 1852. The clast-rich coarse to very coarse sandy diamicton present in the AD 1900 and AD 1922 moraines is interpreted to be a supraglacial melt-out till (ablation till) indicating that these features are ablation moraines representing glacier recession and moraine building of Portage Glacier in AD 1900 and AD 1922. Acknowledgements We thank Carlos Cordova, Thomas Lowell, Gregory Wiles, Peter Johnson, and Anna Peterson for sharing information and for assisting with fieldwork and logistics. This work was supported by the National Geographic Society under grant # 7704-04, by the University of Coimbra Center for Geographic Studies in Portugal and by the Foundation for Science and Technology in Portugal under grant # SFRH / BPD / 64463 / 2009.
Terminal moraine
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article i nfo A new glacial geomorphological map of the Eyjabakkajokull forefield in Iceland is presented. The map covers c. 60 km 2 and is based on high-resolution aerial photographs recorded in August 2008 as well as field checking. Landforms are manually registered in a geographical information system (ArcGIS) based on inspec- tion of orthorectified imagery and digital elevation models of the area. We mapped subglacially streamlined landforms such as flutes and drumlins on the till plain, supraglacial landforms such as ice-cored moraine, pitted outwash, and concertina eskers, and ice-marginal landforms such as the large, multi-crested 1890 surge end moraine and smaller single-crested end moraines. The glaciofluvial landforms are represented by outwash plains, minor outwash fans, and sinuous eskers. Extramarginal sediments were also registered and consist mainly of old sediments in wetlands or locally weathered bedrock. Eyjabakkajokull has behaved as a surge-type glacier for 2200 years; hence, the mapped landforms originate from multiple surges. Landforms such as large glaciotectonic end moraines, hummocky moraine, long flutes, crevasse-fill ridges, and concertina eskers are characteristic for surge-type glaciers. The surging glacier landsystem of Eyjabakkajokull serves as a modern analog to the landsystems of terrestrial paleo-ice streams.
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Outwash plain
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We present a glacial geomorphological map (1:825,000) of the Parlung Zangbo Valley in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau based on Google Earth imagery and the 30 m ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM). The mapped region covers 2.9 × 104 km2, including abundant glacial landforms such as glacial valleys, marginal moraines (including terminal moraines and lateral moraines), and hummocky moraines. Glacial valleys are distributed mainly above 2100 m a.s.l. with lengths from 1 to 130 km. Multiple marginal moraines occur along the glacial valleys, indicating the presence of multiple glacial events. The lowest moraines are distributed mainly at the mouth of each valley between 2400 and 4000 m a.s.l. Hummocky moraines are mainly distributed in the two main tributary valleys: the Bodui Zangbo Valley and the Yigong Zangbo Valley. One ice-dammed paleolake was mapped with a surface area of 12.5 km2. The mapped glacial features (including contemporary glaciers) cover 1.2 × 104 km2, about 40% of the mapped area, representing the minimum extent of maximum glaciation. This map provides a useful data set for reconstructing the timing and extent of paleoglaciations in this area.
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Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. A map of the glacial geomorphology of Kola Peninsula and adjacent areas in the Murmansk region, northwestern Russia, is presented. The primary data source for identification and classification of landforms has been Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite images, and aerial photograph interpretation and field work in selected areas. The map, at the scale 1:900,000, consists of over 20,000 landforms pertaining to the Quaternary glacial activity, considerably improving existing knowledge of this area. The landform types that have been mapped are glacial lineations, ribbed moraine, end moraines, end moraine complexes, hummocky moraine, eskers, glaciouvial accumulations, lateral meltwater channels, large meltwater channels, very large meltwater channels, and relict shorelines. The distribution of landforms shows large variations. The central part of the peninsula lacks signs of glacial activity, apart from abundant lateral meltwater channels. In the rest of the area glacial lineations (drumlins, utes, crag-and-tails) are the dominant landform type. The largest glacial landform system in the area is an ice marginal system running parallel to the southern and eastern coast of Kola Peninsula. This ice marginal system, the Keiva moraine complex, has in part been overrun and drumlinised by ice ow from the southwest. This indicates that this ice marginal belt was deposited before the last major ice expansion. The map presented will be used as the main source of data for a new reconstruction of glacial events in the eastern part of the Fennoscandian ice sheet area.
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Outwash plain
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