The Cristal Zinc prospect (Amazonas region, northern Peru). Part I: New insights on the sulfide mineralization in the Bongará province
Nicola MondilloGiuseppe ArfèMaria BoniGiuseppina BalassoneAdrian J. BoyceMichael M. JoachimskiJisuk KangIgor M. Villa
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δ34S
Dolomitization
Marcasite
Jinshachang Pb-Zn deposit,located in Yunnan province and the northwest of Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG) Pb-Zn-Ag multi-metal mineralization area,is mainly hosted in the Upper Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks of Dengying Group.The ore minerals mainly contain sphalerite and galena,and the gangue minerals mainly contain barite,fluorite and quartz.The δ34S values of sphalerite minerals are in the range between 3.6‰ and 13.4‰ with an average value of 5.7‰.The δ34S values of galena range from 6.0‰ to 9.0‰ with an average value of 7.1‰.Two δ34S values of barite are 34.8‰ and 34.5‰ and consistent with that of sulfate from the Lower Cambrian stratum,indicating that the sulfur of barite were derived from this stratum.Because the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions exceed the suitable temperature for bacterial sulfate reduction,therefore this process is not an efficient path for the production of reduced sulfur in this district.If sulfides were derived from the Cambrian stratum due to thermochemical sulfate reduction,sulfides in this deposit should preserve a minimum δ34S value of 14‰ which exceeding that of sulfide from Jinshachang deposit.Therefore,this process is not the only source of reduced sulfur.Considered the fact that the ore district is surrounded by basalts and δ34S values of sulfide related to magmatic activities are relatively low,the reduced sulfur of sulfide may be derived from magmatic activities.The δ34S values of sphalerite are higher than that of coexisting galena,indicating that sulfur isotopic composition in ore-forming fluid had partly reached equilibrium.The equilibrium temperatures calculated by using the δ34S values of surfur-bearing mineral pairs are consistent well with the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions.
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Abstract: The Jinshachang lead–zinc deposit is mainly hosted in the Upper Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks of the Dengying Group and located in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou (SYG) Pb–Zn–Ag multi‐metal mineralization area in China. Sulfides minerals including sphalerite, galena and pyrite postdate or coprecipitate with gangue mainly consisting of fluorite, quartz, and barite, making this deposit distinct from most lead‐zinc deposits in the SYG. This deposit is controlled by tectonic structures, and most mineralization is located along or near faults zones. Emeishan basalts near the ore district might have contributed to the formation of orebodies. The δ 34 S values of sphalerite, galena, pyrite and barite were estimated to be 3.6‰–13.4‰, 3.7‰–9.0‰, −6.4‰ to 29.2‰ and 32.1‰–34.7‰, respectively. In view of the similar δ 34 S values of barite and sulfates being from the Cambrian strata, the sulfur of barite was likely derived from the Cambrian strata. The homogenization temperatures ( T ≈ 134–383°C) of fluid inclusions were not suitable for reducing bacteria, therefore, the bacterial sulfate reduction could not have been an efficient path to generate reduced sulfur in this district. Although thermochemical sulfate reduction process had contributed to the production of reduced sulfur, it was not the main mechanism. Considering other aspects, it can be suggested that sulfur of sulfides should have been derived from magmatic activities. The δ 34 S values of sphalerite were found to be higher than those of coexisting galena. The equilibrium temperatures calculated by using the sulfur isotopic composition of mineral pairs matched well with the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, suggesting that the sulfur isotopic composition in ore‐forming fluids had reached a partial equilibrium.
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The Jinshachang lead–zinc deposit is mainly hosted in the Upper Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks of the Dengying Group and located in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou(SYG) Pb–Zn–Ag multimetal mineralization area in China.Sulfides minerals including sphalerite,galena and pyrite postdate or coprecipitate with gangue mainly consisting of fluorite,quartz,and barite,making this deposit distinct from most lead–zinc deposits in the SYG.This deposit is controlled by tectonic structures,and most mineralization is located along or near faults zones.Emeishan basalts near the ore district might have contributed to the formation of orebodies.The δ34S values of sphalerite,galena,pyrite and barite were estimated to be 3.6‰–13.4‰,3.7‰–9.0‰,6.4‰ to 29.2‰ and 32.1‰–34.7‰,respectively.In view of the similar δ34S values of barite and sulfates being from the Cambrian strata,the sulfur of barite was likely derived from the Cambrian strata.The homogenization temperatures(T ≈ 134–383°C) of fluid inclusions were not suitable for reducing bacteria,therefore,the bacterial sulfate reduction could not have been an efficient path to generate reduced sulfur in this district.Although thermochemical sulfate reduction process had contributed to the production of reduced sulfur,it was not the main mechanism.Considering other aspects,it can be suggested that sulfur of sulfides should have been derived from magmatic activities.The δ34S values of sphalerite were found to be higher than those of coexisting galena.The equilibrium temperatures calculated by using the sulfur isotopic composition of mineral pairs matched well with the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions,suggesting that the sulfur isotopic composition in ore-forming fluids had reached a partial equilibrium.
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The primary coexisting mineral with galena is sphalerite. Hence, it is critical to selectively separate galena from sphalerite by flotation. In this work, thiourea and related derivatives as potential flotation collectors for separating galena from sphalerite were investigated. Thiourea and its related derivatives were found to be effective selective collectors in batch flotation studies of a single mineral, with 1,1-diphenylthiourea (11DTA) emerging as the best choice. Galena has superior floatability compared to sphalerite in the presence of 11DTA, and the recovery difference between the two minerals at pH 8 (where the 11DTA concentration is 5 × 10−6 mol/L) is around 38%. This was revealed in batch flotation studies using artificial mixed minerals. Moreover, the findings from the measurements of adsorption amount, FTIR, zeta potential and XPS revealed that 11DTA has a strong adsorption on galena yet a relatively weak adsorption on sphalerite. Additionally, DFT calculations demonstrated that sphalerite exhibits stronger hydrophilicity than galena, and 11DTA possessed a better affinity for galena.
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