Sequence of Permian Tetrapod Faunas of Eastern Europe and the Permian–Triassic Ecological Crisis
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Tetrapod (structure)
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Early Triassic
Zhong-Qiang Chen, G.R. Shi, Yongqun Gao, Jinnan Tong, Fengqing Yang & Yuanqiao Peng, June, 2009. A late Changhsingian (latest Permian) deep-water brachiopod fauna from Guizhou, South China. Alcheringa 33, 163–183. ISSN 0311-5518. A deep-water brachiopod fauna (20 species in 19 genera) is described from the Late Permian Shaiwa Group of Ziyun, Guizhou, South China. New species include Pygmochonetes? shaiwaensis and Martinia ziyunensis. This fauna is associated with deep-water assemblages of pelagic radiolarians, foraminifers, bivalves and ammonoids. The brachiopod faunal correlations and age constraints of the associated fossil groups suggest that the Shaiwa fauna is late Changhsingian (latest Permian) in age. The Shaiwa fauna superficially resembles the coeval deep-water assemblage from Guangxi, South China; both are characterized by a mixture of deep-water brachiopods and shallow-water elements.
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Tetrapod footprints have long been known from Permian outcrops of the Cheguimi Sandstone in southern Tunisia, but never described in detail. The only recovered specimen preserves vertebrate tracks of two different biospecies. Ichnomorphotype 1 shows affinity with mid-Permian tetrapod tracks from France (Merifontichnus Gand et al., 2000) and South Africa (unnamed tracks); ichnomorphotype 2 is most similar to Middle to Late Permian tracks of France (Planipes Gand et al., 1995) and Italy (Dicynodontipus Rühle von Lilienstern, 1944), respectively. Both kinds of the Tunisian tetrapod tracks can be referred to non-mammalian therapsid trackmakers. The ichnoassemblage is in agreement with the supposed late Middle to early Late Permian (∼Capitanian to Wuchiapingian) age of the Cheguimi Sandstone, although additional finds are necessary to obtain a more precise age control.
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Early Triassic
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A Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopod fauna, consisting of 25 species in 19 genera, is described from the upper Toyoma Formation of Nabekoshiyama in the Kesennuma area, South Kitakami Belt, northeast Japan. New species described here are Terrakea nabekoshiyamensis and Orthothrix sudoi. The Nabekoshiyama fauna is a mixed Boreal‐ Tethyan fauna and is allied with the Late Permian brachiopod fauna of South Primorye, eastern Russia.
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Tetrapod (structure)
Sequence (biology)
Early Triassic
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The Torre del Porticciolo palaeontological locality (Alghero, north‐west Sardinia, Italy) is important for having provided the skeletal remains of the first Permian basal synapsid from Italy, Alierasaurus ronchii , the largest late early Permian to early middle Permian non‐therapsid synapsid known to date. Recently, other skeletal remains preliminarily attributed to a carnivorous non‐therapsid synapsid were described from a second site, approximately from the same stratigraphic level within the Cala del Vino Fm. During the excavation of this second site, tetrapod tracks were found near Cala Viola, about 1 km from the first two sites. The new find represents the first ichnological record from the Permian of Sardinia. The ichnological analysis allowed the recognition of tetrapods presently not recognized, just on the base of skeletal remains. This new evidence sheds more light on the faunal diversity within the Cala del Vino Fm., which is one of the few examples in the Permian of Europe of a combined ichno‐ and body‐fossil record. The tracks have been referred to as Merifontichnus , an ichnotaxon established from the uppermost portion of the Permian succession of the Lodève Basin in southern France. The new material is the first reliable occurrence of this ichnotaxon from Italy and would represent, to date, the oldest occurrence of the ichnogenus.
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Abstract The base of the Otoceras woodwardi Zone (stratotype in Himalayas) is accepted to define the base of the Triassic. Adoption of this convention is necessary because the Buntsandstein of Germany, the base of which provides the definition of the Permian-Triassic boundary, is not characterized for recognition throughout the world. All rocks older than the Woodwardi Zone are regarded as pre-Triassic. In terms of the four Lower Triassic stages (Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian, Spathian) the Woodwardi Zone is Griesbachian. Griesbachian ammonoids are assigned to 9 (possibly 11) genera. Of the 9, one is a survivor of the dominantly Paleozoic Prolecanitida. Two, assigned to Xenodiscidae, are Ceratitida with obvious Permian relatives. One, Otoceras, is the survivor of another Permian ceratitid stock. Five, paced in Ohpicer-atidae and Meekoceratidae, may be described as novel Ceratitida. The Griesbachian ammonoids thus include Paleozoic holdovers and novel Ceratitida. In Canada Lower and Upper substages are discriminated within the Griesbachian. Otoceras and Xenodiscus characterize the Lower Griesbachian. Ophiceratidae and Proptychites (Meekoceratidae) dominate the fauna of the Upper Griesbachian, in which Otoceras is unknown. These two substages are clearly recognizable in east Greenland, probably also in Siberia, Kashmir and at Spiti (Himalayas) and are thus of more than local significance. In Canada, Siberia, Greenland, and Spitzbergen the earliest Triassic beds have Otoceras but no Ophiceratidae or Meekoceratidae. Only in the Himalayas, where the sections are extraordinarily thin, and where individual beds may contain fossils of more than one age, is there any evidence that Ophiceratidae and Meekoceratidae occur in the earliest Triassic beds. The Lower Griesbachian is characterized by a meagre ammonoid fauna of which only Otoceras is diagnostic. It is thus impossible to identify earliest Triassic beds unless Otoceras is present. The Ophiceras-bearing beds of the Salt Range are certainly not necessarily earliest Triassic, but are more probably Upper Griesbachian. Lower Griesbachian has been definitely identified only in the Himalayas, Arctic Canada, Alaska, east Greenland, Spitzbergen and northeast Siberia. These Lower Griesbachian beds commonly, if not invariably, rest concordantly upon Permian rocks, but nowhere are the underlying Permian rocks demonstrably the youngest known beds of that System. As yet there is no known place where the youngest known Permian (e.g. the Paratirolites beds of Armenia) is followed by the earliest Triassic. The boundary everywhere seems to mark a hiatus with one or more units of the chronostratigraphic scale missing. Where the record is preserved, a world-wide event, probably an eustatic change in sea level, evidently interrupted marine sedimentation immediately before the Lower Griesbachian. A record may have been made in the ocean basins, but unless preserved in the Wharton Basin, west of Australia, it was presumably long ago swept into a subduction zone where its identity has been lost forever.
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Material of the Late Permian Dashankou fauna was collected from a quarry at Yumen, Gansu, Northwest China. Sighficance and composition of the fauna,stratigraphical and lithological characters of the fossil-bearing beds have been previously demonstrated in the several papers (Chng et al., 1996; Li and Cheng, 1995;Cheng and Ji 1996). Based on some excellent preserved specimens, the second genus of Dinocephalia in the fauna, following the first one, Sinophoneus Cheng and Ji, 1996, is described in the present paper.
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