Formation of Extensional Basin in Internal Part of the Zag-Ros Orogeny in West of Sirjan, Iran
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Abstract:
Oblique continent—continent collision between Iranian microcontinent and Arabian plate is the main cause of transpression and transtension regimes in this area. Zagros orogeny in this area resulted in formation of various structures including thrust fault-related folds, dextral and sinistral, strike slip faults, normal fault related to dextral strike slip fault. Thrust faults within the area under study are duplex with general trend of NW-SE and dip toward the north-east with right slip component. Strike slip fault regime acts as tear fault and it is active yet. Therefore, simultaneous presence of thrusts and strike slip faults illustrates convergent dextral transpressional tectonic regime while this transpressional regime accompanied with transtension as well; since normal faults are also seen in alluvium around depression of Sirjan which can be as a result of extension stresses due to strike slip faults activity of the district. The results achieved from geometry and kinematic analysis of west of Sirjan structures indicate that structures of the area have characteristics of internal part of Zagros orogeny.Keywords:
Transtension
Transpression
Orogeny
Alpine orogeny
Lineament
Pull apart basin
Transtension
Transpression
Transform fault
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The La Trocha fault zone acted as a major left‐lateral transfer zone and is bounded by the La Trocha (LTF), Zaza‐Tuinicú (ZTF), Cristales (CTF) and Taguasco (TGF) faults. These faults were consistent with the clockwise rotation of convergence and shortening in central Cuba. From the Paleocene to the Early Eocene (65–48 Ma), a SSW‐NNE shortening produced transtension in the LTF and transpression in the ZTF. Subsequently, during the Middle Eocene (48–37 Ma), shortening shifted to a SW‐NE direction, resulting in the normal component of the LTF and transpression in the ZTF and CTF. Since the Late Eocene (37 Ma), central Cuba has been welded to the North American Plate. The post‐welding deformation gave rise to transtension of the LTF and TGF. This deformation is consistent with a WSW‐ENE shortening and reflects activity in the transform boundary of the Cayman Trough. Both the normal and thrust displacements of these previous faults are corroborated by structural data whereas left‐lateral displacement is deduced from the concordance between oblique collision and structural features. Plate‐kinematics and the structural evolution of the La Trocha fault zone indicate that the related Central Basin is a strike‐slip polygenetic basin and that the formation of this system (i.e., fault zone – strike‐slip basin) was a consequence of the Paleogene oblique collision between the Caribbean Volcanic Arc and the Bahamas Borderland (North American plate).
Transtension
Transpression
Clockwise
Pull apart basin
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Transtension
Pull apart basin
Echelon formation
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An appreciation of how structures form in deformed rock is greatly aided by appropriate model analogues. We describe the method of construction and use of a device to simulate structures produced in fault zones of dominantly strike-slip motion. Simple modifications to the apparatus allow simulation of transtension and transpression as well as pure strike-slip fault motion. The structures which develop in the models include both synthetic and antithetic Riedel shears, en echelon folds and extension cracks. Numerous natural examples are illustrated in the literature from strike-slip zones around the world. We illustrate the formation of these structures using the apparatus and compare them with natural examples.
Transtension
Transpression
Echelon formation
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The Deer Lake Basin is a late Paleozoic, non-marine sedimentary basin located in western New-
foundland. It trends northeast-southwest lying parallel to the Cabot Fault Zone and is composed
of two lateral basins separated by a positive
ower structure. The western portion of the basin
has been labeled the Cormack basin, whereas the eastern portion has been deemed the Howley
Basin. Because of petroliferous units found within the Deer Lake Basin's lacustrine facies there has
been an interest in oil exploration within the area. This interest has led to extensive geological and
geophysical studies performed in the Cormack basin leading to a characterization of its stratigraphy
and structure, as well as an uneasy consensus on the development of the greater Deer Lake Basin.
In contrast, there has been little geophysical exploration in the Howley Basin.
The seismic study performed in the Howley Basin has revealed the eastern edge of the basin
to be heavily fractured and reveals 3 major stratigraphic units where the gravity survey has led to
more precise identification of major faults in the basin. The surveys also reveal thinning of the basin
heading east. Two stratigraphic models are created with one interpreting the lateral termination
of the North Brook formation and the other suggesting a major fault displacing the stratigraphic
units. Both models discussed can be used to support the theory of the Howley Basin undergoing a
history of localized transpression and transtension.
The source study reveals that the filtering effect of the application of the MUNSIST isn't effective
in this scenario as the frequency of the noise is often higher in the field than what is applied by
the source, and thus a bandpass filter is still needed. In addition, preliminary studies of the source
suggests that applying different source sweep impact frequencies to the ground is not needed, and
that applying more energy to the ground by using higher frequency sweeps can result in higher
signal to noise ratio and amplitude reflections.
Pull apart basin
Transtension
Transpression
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Transtension
Pull apart basin
Echelon formation
Half-graben
Transpression
Strain partitioning
Extensional fault
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Transtension
Pull apart basin
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Strike-slip fault systems are major tectonic features at the present day. Some form plate boundaries and some are long-lived fundamental faults which may be related to megashears whose history goes back to early Precambrian times. On a regional scale strike-slip systems may have been subjected to periods of transtension (divergent strike-slip) or transpression (convergent strike-slip). On a local scale curvature, braiding and side-stepping of faults result in contemporaneous formation of closely spaced zones of extension and compression. The main effect of strike-slip motion on sedimentation occurs when dip-slip motion causes rapid sinking of sedimentary basins and uplift and erosion of mountains. Sedimentary facies are therefore very varied, both laterally and vertically, but lateral migration of facies is limited. Ancient strike-slip belts may be recognized by (1) lateral matching of displaced palaeogeographies across faults (2) discordance between size and materials of alluvial fans and possible source areas (3) thick, but not laterally extensive, sedimentary piles deposited very rapidly (4) localized uplift and erosion giving rise to unconformities of the same age as thick sedimentary fills nearby (5) extreme lateral facies variations (6) simultaneous development of both extensional and compressional tectonics within the same tectonic belt (7) a wrench fault style of structural deformation, in particular en echelon folds (8) little or no metamorphism (9) sparse igneous activity, except locally in zones of transtension. The strike-slip cycle of transtension→basin filling→transpression without large oceans or subduction is an alternative to the Wilson cycle of sea-floor spreading→subduction→continental collision to explain the classic geosynclinal cycle of pre-flysch→flysch→molasse. Strike-slip motion may have been important during the Upper Palaeozoic in western Europe and eastern North America and during the development of much of the Caledonides. It can provide ideal conditions for the occurrences of hydrocarbons, economically significant lacustrine deposits, and mineralization.
Transtension
Transpression
Strain partitioning
Echelon formation
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Oblique continent—continent collision between Iranian microcontinent and Arabian plate is the main cause of transpression and transtension regimes in this area. Zagros orogeny in this area resulted in formation of various structures including thrust fault-related folds, dextral and sinistral, strike slip faults, normal fault related to dextral strike slip fault. Thrust faults within the area under study are duplex with general trend of NW-SE and dip toward the north-east with right slip component. Strike slip fault regime acts as tear fault and it is active yet. Therefore, simultaneous presence of thrusts and strike slip faults illustrates convergent dextral transpressional tectonic regime while this transpressional regime accompanied with transtension as well; since normal faults are also seen in alluvium around depression of Sirjan which can be as a result of extension stresses due to strike slip faults activity of the district. The results achieved from geometry and kinematic analysis of west of Sirjan structures indicate that structures of the area have characteristics of internal part of Zagros orogeny.
Transtension
Transpression
Orogeny
Alpine orogeny
Lineament
Pull apart basin
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Citations (2)