On the Thuringian age of the upper palaeozoic sedimentary and volcanic deposits of the estérel (Southern France)
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Abstract The Permian time scale based on marine rocks and fossils is well defined and of global utility, but non-marine Permian biostratigraphy and chronology is in an early phase of development. Non-marine Permian strata are best known from western Europe and the western United States, but significant records are also known from Russia, South Africa, China and Brazil. Global time terms based on non-marine Permian strata, such as Rotliegend, Zechstein, Autunian, Saxonian and Thuringian, are either inadequately defined or poorly characterized and should only be used as lithostratigraphic terms. Macro- and microfloras have long been important in non-marine Permian correlations, but are subject to limitations based on palaeoprovinciality and facies/climatic controls. Charophytes, conchostracans, ostracodes and freshwater bivalves have a potential use in non-marine Permian biostratigraphy but are limited by their over-split taxonomy and lack of well-established stratigraphic distributions of low-level taxa. Tetrapod footprints provide poor biostratigraphic resolution during the Permian, but tetrapod body fossils and insects provide more detailed biostratigraphic zonations, especially in the Lower Permian. Numerous radioisotopic ages are available from non-marine Permian sections and need to be more precisely correlated to the global time scale. The Middle Permian Illawarra reversal and subsequent magnetic polarity shifts are also of value to correlation. There needs to be a concerted effort to develop non-marine Permian biostratigraphy, to correlate it to radio-isotopic and magnetostratigraphic data, and to cross-correlate it to the marine time scale.
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Summary The Palaeozoic rocks of Hydra consist of a sequence of limestones and dolomites with some interbeds of shales and sandstones. Fusulinid foraminifera indicate the sequence is entirely Permian in age and not Carboniferous and Permian as previously thought.
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In Spain, the superficial part of the Hercynian basement, under the Permo-triassic cover, appears in two quite different ways : - when the Paleozoic basement is directly covered by the Buntsandstein sandstones, it is altered and rubefied on one or some ten meters of thickness ; - when the Paleozoic basement is covered by the Permian detrital formations, it is not altered. Therefore, a comparative study of clay minerals was performed in the Paleozoic basement and in its altered fades, as well as in the Permian and Triassic sediments.
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Because of the poor preservation of the available material, Warthia species collected from fine-grained Carboniferous-Permian sandstones at Taio (Santa Catarina) cannot be identified with any of the Warthia species described from North America or from Australia. The occurrence of Warthia in the Permian of Brazil is not questioned since it is common in the Permian in both North America and Australia.
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