Numerical simulation of groundwater flow and contamination transport in Nahavand plain aquifer, west of Iran
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Abstract Hydrogeological parameters are very uncertain to specify in the groundwater flow models. Hence, it is important to specify a range for these parameters to be further utilized by the groundwater model users. In El-Qaa Plain, previous researchers have determined the hydrogeological parameters such as transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and mean annual recharge rate using geophysical methods, pumping tests, hydrological models, and groundwater flow models. However, they are also limited to specific locations and do not spatially distribute. In this paper, an effort has been accomplished to specify a specific range for the aquifer hydrogeological parameters using inverse groundwater modeling taking into account the spatial heterogeneity. These ranges could be taken into consideration during modeling groundwater flow. Hence, a finite-difference groundwater flow model has been applied using the ModFLOW model. Regularized pilot points method (RPPM) has been chosen as an inverse modeling technique to specify the accurate values of the aquifer parameters. Model-independent parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis (PEST) has been utilized to estimate the parameters. The results show that the geometric mean of the hydraulic conductivity in the study area ranges from proximity 1 to 2 m/day. Additionally, the geometric mean of the transmissivity ranges from nearly 200 to 500 m 2 /day. A relationship between the mean annual recharge rate and hydrogeological parameters has been determined. Besides, maps have been generated showing the spatial heterogeneity of the hydraulic conductivity. These maps could be further utilized by groundwater flow modelers to predict the potential of groundwater flow and pollution in the future.
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A study of hydrogeological process involves movement of water beneath the ground surface. Water content in the aquifer influences the quantitative determination of aquifer hydraulic parameters. The limited opportunity to
explore and demonstrate groundwater processes is the reason why students have inappropriate understanding of groundwater concept. The visualisation of groundwater flow is quite difficult as it deals with subsurface condition which cannot be seen. In research, field experiments on groundwater are difficult to carry out because time consuming and involves uncertainty in aquifer conditions. Physical models have been used in classroom as a tool for teaching hydrogeology. Further understanding was developed by demonstration and
observation of groundwater flow using simple sand tank. Previous research implemented sand tank under controlled conditions to investigate the mechanism and flow process of groundwater. A large artificial physical aquifer
model was developed in this study as an alternative to show the students the real aquifer condition and hydrogeology processes. The model consisted of
three different layers of soils, in which water table level was controlled using water tank at both sides of the physical model structure. Hydraulic parameters
of the artificial aquifer and performance of production well were evaluated by pumping tests. The groundwater flow in the artificial aquifer model was simulated accordingly to Darcy‟s law. Analysis of pumping test was computed by an Aquifer Test software. Well performance measurement provided by a step drawdown pumping test estimated the efficiency of well as 99%. The artificial aquifer model was verified by constant rate discharge pumping test and found to be a leaky aquifer. The pumping test analyzed the aquifer with transmissivity of 78.50m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.37m/day while
recovery test analyzed the transmissivity to be 8.22m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.34m/day. Both test analyzed the storage coefficient as 0.5.
This artificial aquifer physical model was designed and developed to enhance student‟s understanding of groundwater theory. Through hands-on pumping test on the aquifer model, students would be able to visualize clearer the groundwater processes.
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Based on the conditions of hydrogeology, groundwater exploitation and data of the research area, the hydrogeological concept model was conceptualized as a 2-D heterogeneous, isotropic and unstable groundwater flow system. A groundwater flow model was built by using the FEFLOW software (Finite Element Subsurface Flow and Transport Simulation System). This model can forecast the groundwater dynamic variation under the different exploitation plans and provide a scientific foundation for the groundwater development, utilization and optimum allocation.
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