Geological evolution, regional perspectives and hydrocarbon potential of the northwest Phu Khanh Basin, offshore Central Vietnam
Michael B.W. FyhnLars Henrik NielsenLars Ole BoldreelLe Duc ThangJørgen A. Bojesen‐KoefoedHenrik I. PetersenNguyen Thu HuyenNguyễn Anh ĐứcNguyen T. DauAnders MathiesenI. ReidDang T. HuongAnh Tuan HoangLe V. HienHans Peter NytoftIoannis Abatzis
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Keywords:
Transtension
Paleogene
Neogene
Transpression
Siliciclastic
Isopach map
Marine transgression
Anticline
Terrigenous sediment
Paleogene
Anticline
Neogene
Coal measures
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The East China Sea is a major Cenozoic epicontinental rift-depression basin covering an area of 770,000 km{sup 2}. The basin is bounded by the Minzhe, uplift to the west and by the Ryukyu Island arc to the east. The thickness of sedimentary strata is greater than 10 km. Basin evolution has been dominated by taphrogenesis and orogenesis attributable to the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. The basin history of the East China Sea can be divided into four stages: (1) Late Cretaceous-Paleogene rifting stage, (2) Eocene-Oligocene rifting-depression stage, (3) Miocene depression stage, and (4) Pliocene-Quaternary draping stage. The Okinawa Trough is a new rifting zone related to the subduction of Ryukyu Island arc. Recent geophysical exploration and petroleum drilling activities in the East China Sea basin show that Paleogene lacustrine and Neogene marine facies strata include multiple suites of hydrocarbon source rocks. Eight structures have tested gas and oil. The Pinghu gas and oil field was discovered and delineated on the west slope of Xihu depression. Various types of traps, dome anticlines, rollover anticlines, fault blocks, buried hills, and reef carbonates, are good prospects.
Anticline
Paleogene
Neogene
Trough (economics)
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Transtension
Paleogene
Neogene
Transpression
Siliciclastic
Isopach map
Marine transgression
Anticline
Terrigenous sediment
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Anticline
Transpression
Neogene
Echelon formation
Lineament
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The Maracaibo Basin is surrounded by areas of active plate reorganization between the South American craton and the Caribbean oceanic crust. The western and southern margins of the basin coincide with the Sierra de Perija and the Merida Andes basement uplift. The northern and northeastern margins are less clearly defined by the emplacement of the Caribbean allochthon. In Paleogene times the Caribbean foreland basin had its depocenter in the northeastern Maracaibo Basin. The southern and western limits of the Lara nappes that were emplaced during this time are today eroded and disappear progressively northwards beneath the overlying Oligocene and Neogene sequences of the Falcon foldbelt. The nappes were originally more extensive, with a deformation front in the paraautochthonous Paleogene units. An abundant lithostratigraphic nomenclature inhibits our ability to recognize the different tectonosequences. We have made an integrated study with geological field work, biostratigraphy, sedimentology and seismic interpretation, between the Valera fault and the eastern shore of lake Maracaibo. The biostratigraphic studies have defined the age and environments of deposition of the lithostratigraphic units. Correlation of these and a simplification of the terminology is proposed. The Trujillo Formation (Paleocene?-middle Eocene) and the Mene Grande Formation (middle Eocene) both contain transported blocksmore » and conglomerates of basement, Cretaceous and Paleogene formations. Comparisons of the lithologies and fossils of these blocks with potential source areas suggest a northerly source from the advancing Lara nappes.« less
Paleogene
Anticline
Basement
Neogene
Allochthon
Lithology
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Neogene
Anticline
Paleocurrent
Paleogene
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Syncline
Anticline
Neogene
Basement
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Abstract The southern end of the Paparoa Range in Westland, South Island, New Zealand, comprises an asymmetrical, southward plunging, faulted (Brunner‐Mt Davy) anticline, the eastern limb of which is common with the western limb of an asymmetrical (Grey Valley) syncline forming a Neogene foreland basin (Grey Valley Trough). The faulted anticline is a classic inversion structure: compression during the Neogene, associated with the development of the modern Australia‐Pacific plate boundary, caused a pre‐existing normal fault zone, about which a late Cretaceous‐Oligocene extensional half graben had formed (Paparoa Trough), to change its sense of displacement. The resulting basement loading formed the foreland basin, containing up to 3 km of mainly marine sedimentary section. Fission track results for apatite concentrates from 41 shallow drillhole and outcrop samples from the Greymouth Coalfield part of the Brunner‐Mt Davy Anticline are reported and interpreted, to better establish the timing and amount of inversion, and hence the mechanism of inversion. The fission track results integrated with modelling of vitrinite reflectance data, show that the maximum paleotemperatures experienced during burial of the Late Cretaceous and mid‐Eocene coal‐bearing succession everywhere exceeded 85°C, and reached a peak of 180°C along the axis of the former basin. Cooling from maximum temperatures occurred during three discrete phases: 20–15 Ma, 12–7 Ma, and c. 2 Ma to the present. The amount of denudation has been variable across the inverted basin, decreasing westward from a maximum of c. 2.5 km during the first deformation phase, c. 1.2 km during the second phase, and 1.4 km during the third phase. It appears that exhumation over the coalfield continued for about 2 m.y. beyond the biostratigraphically determined time ranges of each of two synorogenic unconformities along the western limb of the Grey Valley Syncline. Stick‐slip behaviour on the range front fault that localised the inversion is inferred. The tectonic evolution of the anticline‐syncline pair at the southern end of the Paparoa Range, is therefore identical in style, and similar in timing, to the development of the Papahaua Range‐Westport Trough across the Kongahu Fault Zone, in the vicinity of Buller Coalfield.
Anticline
Neogene
Syncline
Outcrop
Trough (economics)
Tectonic phase
Molasse
Paleogene
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Introduction The up to 200 m wide Chaco foreland basin was initiated during the Late Oligocene, and evolved during the Late Miocene due to eastward migration of the deformation front as a result of active stages of crustal shortening and uplift of the adjacent Interandean and the Subandean Zone (Sempere et al., 1990; Husson and Moretti, 2002). The up to 7.5 krn-thick, eastward-wedging Neogene stratigraphy is complicated by the existence of multiple basinwide unconformities with diffused relief and anticlines separated by synclines. This paper investigates the relationship of Andean thrust-belt tectonism and foreland basin system development to understanding the depositional response of the Chaco foreland basin to Andean loading and shortening using seismic and sedimentologic data set. Five isopach maps were established to determine the depositional pattern, temporal-spatial thickness distribution , and migration of the depocenter.
Isopach map
Neogene
Anticline
Syncline
Molasse
Transpression
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The Paleogene rocks of the Magdalena Valley and the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia represent the synorogenic sedimentary fill of the ancestral Andean foreland basin. Although detailed correlation of the Paleogene is hampered by poor biostratigraphic control, recent field studies document variations between the Upper and Middle Magdalena Valleys in vertical facies succession and paleocurrent direction, suggesting independent depositional systems separated by the Girardot fold belt. In the northern Upper Magdalena Valley, the Paleogene Gualanday Group lies unconformably to paraconformably on marine Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks. Lower and upperconglomeratic units in the Gualanday Group grade eastward into finer grained fluvial sandstones in the western Cordillera Oriental. North of the Girardot belt, conglomerates occur only in the lower part of the Paleogene and grade northeastward into fluvial sandstones. These unconformably overlie rocks as old as Neocomian in a series of en echelon structures on the west flank of the Cordillera Oriental. The structural trends and thickness of the Cretaceous here suggest inversion of the marine depocenter prior to Paleogene deposition. Previous reports of early Paleogene uplift of the Quetame Massif south of Bogota indicate that similar processes acted elsewhere in the Cordillera Oriental. These studies show that the Cordillera Oriental underwentmore » at least one phase of uplift prior to the main inversion in the Neogene.« less
Paleogene
Massif
Paleocurrent
Neogene
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