Paleozoic Base Maps
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This paper contains 50 maps which have been designed for use by the geologic community in preparing paleogeographic, biogeographic, climatologic, and tectonic reconstructions of the Paleozoic periods. Seven maps for each of seven Paleozoic intervals are included, plus a suture map showing the outlines of the Paleozoic continents in their present positions. The intervals chosen are the Late Cambrian (Franconian), Middle Ordovician (Llandeilian-earliest Caradocian), Middle Silurian (Wenlockian), Early Devonian (Emsian), Early Carboniferous (Visean), Late Carboniferous (Westphalian CD), and Late Permian (Kazanian). The paleomagnetic information used to orient the continents is given. For each interval, three types of maps are included, one locality map with place names labelled, four paleogeographic maps with our interpretation of the distribution of mountains, lowlands, shallow seas, and deep oceans, and two outline maps for those who prefer to make their own paleogeographic interpretations. Several projections are used-Mercator, Mollweide, and stereographic polar-to suit the various requirements of paleogeographic work.Keywords:
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shale, sandstone, siltstone, and limestone of the Spraberry Formation.The basin sediments appear to be ideal petroleum source rocks and limited fracture development restricts the occurrence of basin oil to rock of Permian age.Shelf or platform oil may be mixed Permian and pre-Permian due to structural deformation, faulting, fracturing, and deposition across truncated surfaces.Correlations of oil analyses with reservoir rock types suggest that differences in the chemical composition of basin and shelf oils may be related to the amount of evaporites in the reservoir rocks.Oil groupings can be explained geologically through differences in sources, environment, paths of migration, or mixing of oils.
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This paper contains 50 maps which have been designed for use by the geologic community in preparing paleogeographic, biogeographic, climatologic, and tectonic reconstructions of the Paleozoic periods. Seven maps for each of seven Paleozoic intervals are included, plus a suture map showing the outlines of the Paleozoic continents in their present positions. The intervals chosen are the Late Cambrian (Franconian), Middle Ordovician (Llandeilian-earliest Caradocian), Middle Silurian (Wenlockian), Early Devonian (Emsian), Early Carboniferous (Visean), Late Carboniferous (Westphalian CD), and Late Permian (Kazanian). The paleomagnetic information used to orient the continents is given. For each interval, three types of maps are included, one locality map with place names labelled, four paleogeographic maps with our interpretation of the distribution of mountains, lowlands, shallow seas, and deep oceans, and two outline maps for those who prefer to make their own paleogeographic interpretations. Several projections are used-Mercator, Mollweide, and stereographic polar-to suit the various requirements of paleogeographic work.
Devonian
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TECTONICS AND PALEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE PRE-PERMIAN PALEOZOIC BETWEEN KOSZALIN AND TORUŃ (POMERANIA)
Summary
The tectonic structure of pre-Permian Paleozoic in the platform contact zone between Koszalin and Torun was reanalysed mainly on the basis of data from deep drillings and refraction seismics surveys. In this area, Paleozoic complexes occurring in the foreland of the East-European Precambrian Platform differ from those of sedimentary cover of the latter in thickness, facies development, tectonic history as well as style and directions, and appearance of Upper Silurian - Devonian - Carboniferous cover. A special attention should be paid to band-like pattern of blocks, roughly parallel to margin of the East-European Platform. Besides eventual Grampian stage, here may be differentiated two structural stages of pre-Permian Paleozoic. Lower stage is built of strongly deformed Ordovician and Lower Silurian rocks, and the upper - of Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous ones. The lower stage appears the thickest (5000-6000 m thick) in blocks situated in direct foreland of the East-European Platform and refraction seismics data show (Fig. 2) that it suddenly thins out to about 3000 m or less at a line running about a dozen to 25 km SW of the platform margin. Together with negligible thickness of the Ordovician in marginal part of the East-European Platform (15) this gives the appearance of synsedimentary trough for the zone of increased thickness of the Ordovician and Lower Silurian (17).
The age of disturbances or foldings of rocks belonging to the lower structural stage remains the subject of discussions. However, in the light of the available data it may be stated that the peak of deformations dated at the tum of, the Wenlockian and Ludlovian (2) seems more probable than any phase from the tum of the Silurian and Devonian or early Devonian (5). The Mid-Silurian and not younger age of these disturbances is primarily suggested by the continuity of sedimentation at the tum of the Silurian and Devonian, recorded in the Radom - Lublin sector of the contact zone of the East- European -Precambrian and Mid-European Paleozoic Platforms (12), and cover character of Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian sequences in relation to disturbed Lower Silurian and older ones in the Radom region. Disturbances of the Lower Paleozoic in the foreland of the East-European Platform seem connected with deep crustal fractures of the strike-slip fault type and not the existence of Central-European branch of the Caledonian geosyncline (see also (8)). Such interpretation does not exclude overthrust of these disturbed series on the platform margin. However, such overthrust still remains to be proven.
In the Koszalin - Torun zone, the Upper Silurian - Devonian - Carboniferous cover displays very clearly effects of Variscan block movements. Displacements traceable in basal surface of the Zechstein approach merely 100-200 m whilst those connected with pre-Zechstein block movements may range from about 500 m to some kilometers. Therefore, it should be stated that block movements acting here after the Early Permian did not exort any significant influence on structural -character of pre-Permian Paleozoic.
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Devonian
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The results of investigations on a variety of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks from western Europe are described and are incorporated with results already published predominantly from Great Britain. Mean pole positions have been obtained from the Triassic, Permian, and Devonian periods, for which numerous results are available. The angular distance between the mean Triassic pole and a similar American pole lends force to the separation of the two continents, while the greater separation of Permian poles implies that separation commenced in earlier times. Because of the problems, still unresolved, of the European Carboniferous, this drift history cannot as yet be checked in earlier times.
Devonian
Late Devonian extinction
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Apparent polar wander
Late Devonian extinction
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Late Devonian extinction
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