Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China
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Research Article| October 01, 2012 Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China Jindrich Kynicky; Jindrich Kynicky 1Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech RepublicE-mail: jindrak@email.cz Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Martin P. Smith; Martin P. Smith 2School of the Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UKE-mail: martin.smith@brighton.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Cheng Xu Cheng Xu 3Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing 100871, ChinaE-mail: xucheng1999@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Jindrich Kynicky 1Department of Geology and Pedology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech RepublicE-mail: jindrak@email.cz Martin P. Smith 2School of the Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UKE-mail: martin.smith@brighton.ac.uk Cheng Xu 3Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking UniversityBeijing 100871, ChinaE-mail: xucheng1999@hotmail.com Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1811-5217 Print ISSN: 1811-5209 © 2012 by the Mineralogical Society of America Elements (2012) 8 (5): 361–367. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.5.361 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Jindrich Kynicky, Martin P. Smith, Cheng Xu; Diversity of Rare Earth Deposits: The Key Example of China. Elements 2012;; 8 (5): 361–367. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.5.361 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyElements Search Advanced Search Abstract As a source of strategic commodities for high technologies, the deposits of rare earth elements (REEs) in China are a world-class phenomenon. The combination of the world's largest accumulation of REEs in the Bayan Obo deposit and the low cost of mining the extremely valuable heavy REEs from residual deposits makes China almost a monopoly producer. Research on a range of Chinese deposits shows that not only hypogene but also secondary processes create economic REE deposits. These deposits have characteristic REE distribution patterns, which range from primary light REE enrichment in carbonatites from the Himalayan Mianning–Dechang orogenic belt and in metamorphosed carbonatite and polyphase mineralization at Bayan Obo, through unusual flat REE patterns in carbonatites from the Qinling orogenic belt, to strong secondary heavy REE enrichment in residual clays from southern China. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.Keywords:
Pedology
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Abstract Pedology, or the study of soil, is often viewed focusing on soil formation, morphology, mapping and classification. But the study of soil has largely expanded beyond these four areas and now includes quantitative studies using soil legacy data combined with technological advances in data collection, soil sampling and computation. We have global availability of soil information and can retrieve pedological information for any location including some indication of its accuracy. Scientific and technological developments in pedology have been led by the rise of several subdisciplines including pedometrics, digital soil mapping, spectral pedology, digital soil morphometrics, hydropedology, microbial pedology, astropedology and the development of pedotransfer functions. With the expansion of pedology and its relevance for understanding the earth system and tackling global change, it is postulated that soil science has now entered the ‘Pedocene’—a soil epoch equivalent to the Anthropocene. The Pedocene is characterized by the quantitative understanding and evaluation of the global soil system, and the effects of human‐induced changes brought to soil.
Pedology
Digital Soil Mapping
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USDA soil taxonomy
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Pedology focuses on understanding soil genesis in the field and includes soil classification and mapping. Digital soil mapping (DSM) has evolved from traditional soil classification and mapping to the creation and population of spatial soil information systems by using field and laboratory observations coupled with environmental covariates. Pedological knowledge of soil distribution and processes can be useful for digital soil mapping. Conversely, digital soil mapping can bring new insights to pedogenesis, detailed information on vertical and lateral soil variation, and can generate research questions that were not considered in traditional pedology. This review highlights the relevance and synergy of pedology in soil spatial prediction through the expansion of pedological knowledge. We also discuss how DSM can support further advances in pedology through improved representation of spatial soil information. Some major findings of this review are as follows: (a) soil classes can be mapped accurately using DSM, (b) the occurrence and thickness of soil horizons, whole soil profiles and soil parent material can be predicted successfully with DSM techniques, (c) DSM can provide valuable information on pedogenic processes (e.g. addition, removal, transformation and translocation), (d) pedological knowledge can be incorporated into DSM, but DSM can also lead to the discovery of knowledge, and (e) there is the potential to use process‐based soil–landscape evolution modelling in DSM. Based on these findings, the combination of data‐driven and knowledge‐based methods promotes even greater interactions between pedology and DSM. Highlights Demonstrates relevance and synergy of pedology in soil spatial prediction, and links pedology and DSM. Indicates the successful application of DSM in mapping soil classes, profiles, pedological features and processes. Shows how DSM can help in forming new hypotheses and gaining new insights about soil and soil processes. Combination of data‐driven and knowledge‐based methods recommended to promote greater interactions between DSM and pedology.
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Digital Soil Mapping
Soil survey
Soil horizon
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Pedology
USDA soil taxonomy
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As a important subject of pedology, soil micromorphology was setup in 1930s' and solved many questions of pedology. Though soil micromorphology started latter in China,some good study results have been gotten. This paper summarized its development from basic concept ,research method and appliance.
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