Geodiversity of the Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park : statement of significance and identification of opportunities
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Abstract:
The natural beauty and striking landscapes of the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National
Park are a direct product of its geological history. A major landscape feature within the Park is
the Highland Border, which separates the rugged peaks and deep glens of the Highlands from the
lower, rolling hills and broad straths of the Lowlands. This landscape feature follows a
geological structure known as the Highland Boundary fault zone, which separates ancient
Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the Highlands from younger, softer, sedimentary rocks to the
south. These geological differences have been exploited over time by the erosive power of wind,
water and ice to produce the present-day landscape of the National Park.
This report has been prepared for the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park authority,
to provide an overview of the park’s geodiversity. Section 2 of the report describes the
geological history of the National Park. Sections 3 and 4 pick out key localities of interest for
their geology and geomorphology, and opportunities for management and interpretation of the
park’s geological heritage are discussed in sections 5 and 6.Keywords:
Geodiversity
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Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKey Words: Geological historylandscape evolutionScotland Acknowledgements I am grateful to Nigel Trewin and Jim Hansom for constructive comments on a draft of the manuscript, to John Mendum for a very thorough and helpful review that clarified many details, and to Mike Shand for producing the diagrams.
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World geo-park of Chinese Wangwu Mountain consists of geological remains which not only have some special scientific significance and aesthetics value,but also represent area geology history and geology actions.The park has tectonic rift and Geo-Engineering landscape which is its primary characteristics,also has typical geological cross section,paleontology fossils,geology and geomorphology landscape,and is a comprehensive geo-park that Includes both ecological and humanities elements.This article studies and discusses Wangwushan world geo-park basic characteristics of geological structure causes and landscape scientific value.
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Lushan Mountain is famous for world, and was appraised by the UNESCO as one of its worldwide significance of geological culture and value Geoparks in Feb. 2004. Lushan Mountain has undergone a history of geological evolution of about 2 billion years with tremendous changes. The long and complicated geological actions in history have not only made the gorgeous views of mountains, rivers and lakes, but also remained rich traces of geological landscapes. In the large scientific park with Lushan Mountain as the center and a radius of 40km, there are many geological landscapes with rich value of scientific study: (1) the well preserved lemnants of glaciation of the Quaternary period; (2) appearing quite complete Proterozoic geological sections; (3) well developed epsilon structure at Huaiyang and joint vortex structures; (4) metamorphic core complex structure with rich characteristics; (5) horst type fault block mountain structure; (6) Lushan Mountain with remained composite morphologic landscape of fault blocks, glaciers and flowing water; (7) the largest fresh water lake of China - Boyang Lake and the largest fresh water lake wet land in Asia; and (8) discovering the Shang Dynasty mining copper ruins and typical multi-metal mines at Chengmen Hill and Pengshan Hill.
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Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism The paper indicates the relations between geodiversity and geotourism in the Tatra National Park. Geodiversity of the Tatra Mountains is visualized by its geodiversity map, whereas geotouristic attractions are measured by touristic attractions along touristic trails on geodiversity map. Areas of the highest geodiversity cover merely 8.2% of the Tatar National Park area. These are mainly areas close to the Tatra Mountains' main ridge. It is so due to geology, landform energy, slopes, landform fragmentation and geoecological belts. Most of the analyzed thematic layers categorizes ridges as more geodiversed than valley areas. The trails situated in the valley bottoms usually cross by areas of low geodiversity, however, from geotouristic point of view, it should be noted that slopes and ridges circumvolving the valley can be marked by high geodiversity. The mountain slopes and ridges are within tourist's sight, what increases trail's geotouristic attractiveness. Amongst many geotouristically interesting parts of the Tatra Mountains Dolina Pięciu Stawów valley appears to be the most appealing with its high quantity and high variety of post-glacial forms on valley's bottom as well as on its slopes.
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Based on the field investigations of geological relics landscape in the Daba Mountain National Geological Park in Sichuan,the tourism resource types are classified.The previous evaluation methods are used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the Daba Mountain geological relics landscape.The result shows that the fold structure and the karst geomorphology are the guide geological relics landscape in this park.The scoring rate of the natural attributie of the park's tourism resources is high.There are prominent features of typicality,rarity and peculiarty.The scientific value and aesthetic value of the park are great,so there will be great potential for the tourism development.
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The geological traces of the world natural heritage- the Tree Parallel Rivers Belt is the geological landscape of the tethys region produced by neotectonism. Various geological traces and all kinds of geological landscapes orderly distribute with a perfect biological and geological environment, which are considered as attractive touring geological resources. It is a world-class landscape, and a great place for touring geological study. The protection and touring exploitation of the geological traces of the Three Parallel Rivers Belt activates the tourism geological study, from which the development of tour geology is demonstrated.
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Analysis found that the geological type of Longgang National Geological Park is rich and is of great viewing value of the typical characteristics.The main type of the geological relics are karst landform and tectonic landform.Longgang Karst Tiankeng,Da'an Hole,Huangling Gorge,Wanjuanshishu,Stalagmite River Canyon,Canglong Gorge,Volcano Gorge,Longku Gorge are the main geological relics in the park.Research shows that the Triassic limestone and the Jurassic red scraps are the main landscape formation of the park while the Huaying Mount Dislocation and the Qiyao Mount Dislocation are the main factors affecting the development and distribution of the geological relics.This paper not only provide a classification principles standard,but also provide a certain reference value on better knowing of Longgang National Geological Park relics and deep understanding of karst landform..
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The Dabie Mountain(Huanggang) National Geopark in Hubei Province is a large-scale science park that integrates tourism, recreation, adventure, scientific research and environmental protection and has the geological landscape of continental orogenic belts and the subtropical forest ecological landscape as its principal parts. The park area is an important part of the Qinling Orogenic Belt with abundant and varied geological relic resources, which are mainly divided into 4 major categories of geological section, geological structure, geological landform, and waterscape, and 11 small categories that cover a total of over 100 geological relic spots, some of which have important world typical significance. These geological relics provide the key evidence for exploring the early evolution of the Earth, studying the orogenic belts, and making the global contrastive analysis; in addition, they have an important value in field study of such aspects as stratigraphy, petrology, metamorphic geology, structural geology, geomorphology, and hydrogeology. The research result of this paper has a certain reference significance in such aspects as the systematic understanding of the condition of geological relics of the park, the construction of a geological popular science demonstration base, and the protection and development of the geological relics.
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The Chongming Island National Geopark contains 18 distinct geological landscapes set within a unique large estuarine environment that contains various geological,ecological,and human elements.This paper considers the geological evolution of the geopark within the Changjiang River delta area since the late Cenozoic,and places it in a global context.The unique geological heritage of the park is defined by four key elements: unconsolidated subsurface sediments several hundred meters thick;deltaic deposits;the dynamic estuarine geomorphology;and the tidal flat ecosystem.The thick unconsolidated sediments record the dual impacts of significant tectonic subsidence and sea level changes since the late Cenozoic.The deltaic depositional system reveals the development of the large river delta at 8 ka BP and the formation of Chongming Island,the largest estuarine alluvial sand island in the world.The estuarine geomorphology and ecosystem show the complex and dynamic nature of the geological and environmental system in a tide-dominated estuary.Compared with other geoparks within the Global Geoparks Network(GGN),the geological heritage of Chongming Island is obviously unique,covering the geological and geomorphological evolution of a large river delta and estuary.However,as many elements of the landscape are difficult to see,the park was constructed with the aim of determining how best to exhibit this geological heritage,and how to define the practical scope of geological heritage protection and geological tourism.
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The Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP) is well known for its impressive sandstone formations. While previous geoscience research in the park has focused on geology, palaeontology, slope forms and the prominent lichen weathering, remarkably little has been written on the diversity and possible origins of sandstone phenomena in the region. The objectives of this study were (1) to present a geomorphological map of prominent and interesting landforms for particular portions of the park and (2) to document the variety of macro- and microscale sandstone formations observed. During field work, we undertook global positioning system measurements to map landforms and, in addition, measured the dimensions of several landform types. A Schmidt hammer was used to conduct rock hardness tests at a variety of localities and lithologies for comparative purposes. We indentified and mapped 27 macro- and microscale sandstone landforms, of which 17 are described in detail. It is demonstrated that for the most part, the landforms are a likely product of surface lithological reactions to a regional climate characterised by pronounced multitemporal temperature and moisture shifts, recently and in the past. However, many of the geomorphological processes producing landforms are controlled by microclimates set up by factors such as macro- and microtopography. Conservation implications: The GGHNP is best known for its geological, geomorphological and palaeontological heritage. This paper highlights the diversity of sandstone geomorphological phenomena, many of them rare and ‘unique’ to the region. Not only are these landforms of aesthetic interest to tourists, but they also provide microhabitats for biota. Thus, conservation of biota requires associated conservation of geo-environments where they are established.
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