Roberto Sabia

European Space Research Institute

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Antonio Turiel

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Estrella Olmedo

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Rafael Catany

Argans (United Kingdom)

Justino Martínez

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Carolina Gabarró

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Diego Fernández‐Prieto

European Space Research Institute

Nicolás Reul

Ifremer

Manuel Arias

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Cristina González‐Haro

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

Verónica González‐Gambau

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Cooperative Institutions

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

Institut de Ciències del Mar

Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

Sorbonne Université

Ifremer

European Space Research Institute

Institut Català de Ciències del Clima

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The increasing importance of satellite observations to assess the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification

Earth-Science Reviews (2024)

Jamie D. Shutler Nicolas Gruber Helen S. Findlay Peter E. Land Luke Gregor

The strong control that the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) have over Earth's climate identifies the need for accurate quantification of the emitted CO2 and its redistribution within the Earth system. The ocean annually absorbs more than a quarter of all CO2 emissions and this absorption is fundamentally altering the ocean chemistry. The ocean thus provides a fundamental component and powerful constraint within global carbon assessments used to guide policy action for reducing emissions. These carbon assessments rely heavily on satellite observations, but their inclusion is often invisible or opaque to policy. One reason is that satellite observations are rarely used exclusively, but often in conjunction with other types of observations, thereby complementing and expanding their usability yet losing their visibility. This exploitation of satellite observations led by the satellite and ocean carbon scientific communities is based on exciting developments in satellite science that have broadened the suite of environmental data that can now reliably be observed from space. However, the full potential of satellite observations to expand the scientific knowledge on critical processes such as the atmosphere-ocean exchange of CO2 and ocean acidification, including its impact on ocean health, remains largely unexplored. There is clear potential to begin using these observation-based approaches for directly guiding ocean management and conservation decisions, in particular in regions where in situ data collection is more difficult, and interest in them is growing within the environmental policy communities. We review these developments, identify new opportunities and scientific priorities, and identify that the formation of an international advisory group could accelerate policy relevant advancements within both the ocean carbon and satellite communities. Some barriers to understanding exist but these should not stop the exploitation and the full visibility of satellite observations to policy makers and users, so these observations can fulfil their full potential and recognition for supporting society.

Ocean Acidification

Ocean observations

Earth system science

10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104682

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Satellite Salinity Observing System: Recent Discoveries and the Way Forward

Frontiers in Marine Science (2019)

Nadya Vinogradova Tong Lee Jacqueline Boutin Kyla Drushka Séverine Fournier

Advances in L-band microwave satellite radiometry in the past decade, pioneered by ESA's SMOS and NASA's Aquarius and SMAP missions, have demonstrated an unprecedented capability to observe global sea surface salinity (SSS) from space. Measurements from these missions are the only means to probe the very-near surface salinity (top cm), providing a unique monitoring capability for the interfacial exchanges of water between the atmosphere and the upper-ocean, and delivering a wealth of information on various salinity processes in the ocean, linkages with the water cycle and climate, and constraints for ocean prediction models. The satellite SSS data are complimentary to the existing in situ systems such as Argo that provide accurate depiction of large-scale salinity variability in the open ocean but under-sample mesoscale variability, coastal oceans and marginal seas, and energetic regions such as boundary currents and fronts. In particular, salinity remote sensing has proven valuable to systematically monitor the open oceans as well as coastal regions up to approximately 40 km from the coasts . This is critical to addressing societally relevant topics, such as land-sea linkages, coastal-open ocean exchanges, research in the carbon cycle, near-surface mixing, and air-sea exchange of gas and mass. In this paper, we provide a community perspective on the major achievements of satellite SSS for the aforementioned topics, the unique capability of satellite salinity observing system and its complementarity with other platforms, uncertainty characteristics of satellite SSS, and measurement versus sampling errors in relation to in situ salinity measurements. We also discuss the need for technological innovations to improve the accuracy, resolution, and coverage of satellite SSS, and the way forward to both continue and enhance salinity remote sensing as part of the integrated Earth Observing System in order to address societal needs.

Argo

Ocean observations

10.3389/fmars.2019.00243

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Citations (189)

Correlation between Arctic river discharge and sea ice formation in Laptev Sea using sea surface salinity from SMOS satellite

Carolina Gabarró Justino Martínez Verónica González‐Gambau Cristina González‐Haro Estrella Olmedo

During the last 3 decades, the Arctic rivers have increased their discharge around 10%, mainly due to the increase of the global atmospheric temperature. The increase of the river discharge carries higher loads of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and suspended matter (SM) entering to the Arctic Ocean. This results in increased absorption of solar energy in the mixed layer, which can potentially contribute to the general sea ice retreat. Observation based studies (e.g. Bauch et al., 2013) showed correlation between river water discharge and local sea ice melting on the Laptev sea shelf due to the change on the ocean heat. Previous studies are based with a limited number of observations, both in space and in time.Thanks to the ESA SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) and NASA SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) missions we have daily the sea surface salinity (SSS) maps from the Arctic, which permit to observe the salinity variations due to the river discharges. The Arctic sea surface salinity products obtained from SMOS measurements have been improved considerable by the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) team thanks to the project Arctic+Salinity, funded by ESA. The new version of the product (v3) covers the years from 2011 up to 2018, have a spatial resolution of 25km and are daily maps with 9 day averages. The Arctic+ SSS maps provide a better description of the salinity gradients and a better effective spatial resolution than the previous versions of the Arctic product, so the salinity fronts are better resolved. The quality assessment of the Arctic+SSS product is challenging because, in this region, there are scarce number of in-situ measurements.The high effective spatial resolution of the Arctic+ SSS maps will permit to study for the first time scientific physical processes that occurs in the Arctic. We will explore if a correlation between the Lena and Ob rivers discharge with the sea ice melting and freeze up is observed with satellite data, as already stated with in-situ measurements by Bauch et al. 2013. Salinity and sea ice thickness maps from SMOS and sea ice concentration from OSISAF will be used in this study.&#160;Bauch, D.,H&#246;lemann, J. , Nikulina, A. , Wegner, C., Janout, M., Timokhov, L. and Kassens, H. (2013): Correlation of river water and local sea-ice melting on the Laptev Sea shelf (Siberian Arctic) , Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, 118 (1), pp. 550-561 . doi: 10.1002/jgrc.20076

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-10052

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Remote sensing of surface ocean PH exploiting sea surface salinity satellite observations

Roberto Sabia Diego Fernández‐Prieto Jamie D. Shutler Craig Donlon Peter E. Land

The overall process commonly referred to as Ocean Acidification (OA) is nowadays gathering increasing attention for its profound impact at scientific and socio-economic level. To date, the majority of the scientific studies into the potential impacts of OA have focused on models and in situ datasets. Satellite remote sensing technology have yet to be fully exploited and could play a significant role by providing synoptic and frequent measurements for investigating OA processes on global scales. Within this context, the purpose of the ESA "Pathfinders-OA" project is to quantitatively and routinely estimate surface ocean pH by means of satellite observations in several ocean regions. Satellite Ocean Colour, Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Salinity data (with an emphasis on the latter) will be exploited. A proper merging of these different datasets will allow to compute at least two independent proxies among the seawater carbonate system parameters and therefore obtain the best educated guess of the surface ocean pH. Preliminary results of the anomaly and variability of the ocean pH maps are presented.

Ocean observations

Sea-surface height

Ocean surface topography

Anomaly (physics)

Ocean Acidification

Ocean chemistry

10.1109/igarss.2015.7325709

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Citations (11)

Assessment of the correlation between river discharge and sea ice growing in Laptev sea

Carolina Gabarró Justino Martínez Marta Umbert Cristina González‐Haro Estrella Olmedo

10.13039/501100000844

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Arctic and North Atlantic Sea Surface Salinity retrieval

Justino Martínez Estrella Olmedo Carolina Gabarró Verónica González Gambau Antonio Turiel

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Overview of the ITT Arctic

Justino Martínez Carolina Gabarró Antonio Turiel Laurent Bertino Rafael Catany

Salinity Science Seminar (FOR1740 and CCI+SSS User Meeting) , 26-27 September, 2019, Hamburg, Germany

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Comment on essd-2021-334

Justino MartÃnez Carolina GabarrÃ Antonio Turiel VerÃ nica GonzÃ¡lez-Gambau Marta Umbert

Abstract. Measuring salinity from space is challenging since the sensitivity of the brightness temperature (T_B) to sea surface salinity (SSS) is low (about 0.5âKâpsu^â1), while the SSS range in the open ocean is narrow (about 5âpsu, if river discharge areas are not considered). This translates into a high accuracy requirement of the radiometer (about 2â3âK). Moreover, the sensitivity of the T_B to SSS at cold waters is even lower (0.3âKâpsu^â1), making the retrieval of the SSS in the cold waters even more challenging. Due to this limitation, the ESA launched a specific initiative in 2019, the Arctic+Salinity project (AO/1-9158/18/I-BG), to produce an enhanced Arctic SSS product with better quality and resolution than the available products. This paper presents the methodologies used to produce the new enhanced Arctic SMOS SSS product (MartÃnez et al.,Â 2019) . The product consists of 9âd averaged maps in an EASE 2.0 grid of 25âkm. The product is freely distributed from the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC, http://bec.icm.csic.es/, last access: 25Â JanuaryÂ 2022) with the DOI number https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/12620 (MartÃnez et al.,Â 2019). The major change in this new product is its improvement of the effective spatial resolution that permits better monitoring of the mesoscale structures (larger than 50âkm), which benefits the river discharge monitoring.

SSS*

10.5194/essd-2021-334-rc2

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The importance to continue and enhance spaceborne salinity observing capability to study ocean-water cycle-climate linkages

HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) (2018)

Tong Lee Simon Yueh Detlef Stammer Gary Lagerloef Aïda Alvera Azcarate

In-situ observing system has provided the capability to monitor multi-decadal changes of salinity in the open ocean and on large scales. However, in-situ platforms are inadequate to monitor salinity changes in marginal seas and coastal oceans as well as salinity variations on mesoscales. Monitoring longer-term changes of salinity in these regions and scales are important to the studies of terrestrial-ocean water cycle linkage, cross-shelf exchanges, coastal-open ocean connection, energy transfer, and biogeochemistry. Satellite measurements of sea surface salinity (SSS) have demonstrated their values to enhance salinity observing capability in these regions and scales. This presentation highlights the accomplishments of satellite SSS, especially in studying salinity variations for regions and scales not well resolved by in-situ platforms. Examples will be provided to emphasize the synergy of satellite and in-situ salinity observing systems to investigate the linkage of open-ocean and marginal sea salinity in relation to longer-term changes in the climate and water cycle. Recognizing this need, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Needs (Belward et al.2016) suggested Action 032: Ensure the continuity of space-based SSS measurements. Sustaining satellite SSS observing capability, enhancing spatial resolution, and improving accuracy (especially in high-latitude oceans) are important to studying the linkages of the ocean with the water cycle and climate variability.

Water cycle

Ocean observations

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SMOS-based estimation and validation of Total Alkalinity in the Mediterranean basin

Roberto Sabia Estrella Olmedo Gianpiero Cossarini Aïda Alvera Azcarate Verónica González‐Gambau

ESA SMOS satellite [1] has been providing first-ever Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) measurements from space for over a decade now. Until recently, inherent algorithm limitations or external interferences hampered a reliable provision of satellite SSS data in semi-enclosed basin such as the Mediterranean Sea. This has been however overcome through different strategies in the retrieval scheme and data filtering approach [2, 3]. This recent capability has been in turn used to infer the spatial and temporal distribution of Total Alkalinity (TA - a crucial parameter of the marine carbonate system) in the Mediterranean, exploiting basin-specific direct relationships existing between salinity and TA.Preliminary results [4] focused on the differences existing in several parameterizations [e.g, 5] relating these two variables, and how they vary over a seasonal to interannual timescale.Currently, to verify the consistency and accuracy of the derived products, these data are being validated against a proper ensemble of in-situ, climatology and model outputs within the Mediterranean basin. An error propagation exercise is also being planned to assess how uncertainties in the satellite data would translate into the final products accuracy.The resulting preliminary estimates of Alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea will be linked to the overall carbonate system in the broader context of Ocean Acidification assessment and marine carbon cycle.References:[1] J. Font et al., "SMOS: The Challenging Sea Surface Salinity Measurement From Space," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 649-665, May 2010. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2009.2033096[2] Olmedo, E., J. Martinez, A. Turiel, J. Ballabrera-Poy, and M. Portabella,&#160; &#8220;Debiased non-Bayesian retrieval: A novel approach to SMOS Sea Surface Salinity&#8221;. Remote Sensing of Environment 193, 103-126 (2017).[3] Alvera-Azc&#225;rate, A., A. Barth, G. Parard, J.-M. Beckers, Analysis of SMOS sea surface salinity data using DINEOF, In Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 180, 2016, Pages 137-145, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.044.[4] Sabia, R., E. Olmedo, G. Cossarini, A. Turiel, A. Alvera-Azc&#225;rate, J. Martinez, D. Fern&#225;ndez-Prieto, Satellite-driven preliminary estimates of Total Alkalinity in the Mediterranean basin, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 21, EGU2019-17605, EGU General Assembly 2019, Vienna, Austria, April 7-12, 2019.[5] Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., and Solidoro, C.: Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the Mediterranean Sea, Biogeosciences, 12, 1647-1658, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1647-2015, 2015.&#160;&#160;

Alkalinity

Mediterranean Basin

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20753

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