Systematic petrological, geochemical, and chronological studies of Cenozoic intra-plate volcanism in southwestern Japan, in the Kita-Matsuura area in northwestern Kyushu, reveal temporal and spatial changes in mantle melting processes on a time scale of ∼2·5 Myr and a horizontal scale of ∼35 km. The most extensive basaltic activity in the area occurred between 8·5 and 6·0 Ma. Four vertical sections through the volcanic sequence from the underlying basement to the top flows were studied to encompass the distribution of the Kita-Matsuura basalt. In the central and western sections (Hirado, Senryu, and Ishimori) there is a temporal variation in the chemical composition of the basalts: volcanism initiated eruption of mildly alkaline basalts (low- to medium-SiO2 group) followed by major flows of sub-alkaline basalt (medium- to high-SiO2 group). The eastern section (Kunimi section) is characterized by mildly alkaline basalts (low-SiO2 group). Each SiO2 group has a distinctive phenocryst assemblage and major element composition. The Zr/Y, Nb/Th, and Nb/Y ratios of the Kita-Matsuura basalts are positively correlated, which cannot be explained by assimilation of crustal materials but instead is linked to melting processes in the mantle. The average segregation depth of the inferred parental magmas of the three groups decreases in the order of SiO2 enrichment, indicating a temporal decrease in melt segregation depth in the central and western sections. The correlation between Zr/Y and Nb/Y can be reproduced by a series of instantaneous melts resulting from decompressional critical melting of a primitive mantle source with ∼2% trapped melt. In each section, both Zr/Y and Nb/Y decrease upwards, which implies an increase in the degree of melting with time. The temporal and spatial variations in basalt chemistry are most plausibly accounted for by progressive melt extraction during mantle upwelling, which started in the garnet stability field (∼3·0 GPa) and ended in the spinel field (∼1·5 GPa). Upwelling was centred beneath the Hirado section, in the westernmost area in Kita-Matsuura, with a diameter inferred to be greater than 70 km.
Because of chemical inertness of noble gases, their isotopic compositions trapped in mantle-derived xenoliths provide valuable information about mantle processes. Here we present a review of noble gas studies of mantle xenoliths from several tectonic settings with specific attention to mantle metasomatism. Numerous metasomatic traces have been identified as noble gas isotopic anomalies found in fluid or melt inclusions or in minerals of metasomatic origin in the suboceanic and subcontinental lithosphere. The noble gas isotopic ratio of MORB source, which is generally regarded as representing the suboceanic upper mantle, is characterized by a quite uniform 3He/4He ratio and a high 40Ar/36Ar ratio of up to 40000. On the other hand, low 3He/4He and 40Ar/36Ar ratios compared to those of MORBs have been reported from some subcontinental ultramafic xenoliths. This phenomenon is explainable in terms of metasomatism by a slab-derived component at the continental/convergent plate margin causing enrichment of U and Th, parent nuclides of 4He, and of atmospheric Ar in the mantle wedge. Metasomatic signatures attributable to deep mantle plume are observable as a higher 3He/4He ratio than the MORB value and a distinct trend in Ne three-isotope plot from that of MORBs, both in oceanic and continental areas. In addition, noble gas isotope exchange between the mantle xenolith and its host magma are often observed. By applying several methods for extraction of noble gases and careful selection of samples, noble gases can serve as a powerful tool to distinguish these metasomatic agents. Furthermore, noble gas analysis of small pieces of mantle xenoliths or individual fluid/melt inclusion using a laser microprobe in combination with other analytical techniques for detection of major volatile components, such as micro-Raman spectroscopy, will clarify the origin of volatiles in mantle xenoliths.
Fluid inclusions in diamond provide otherwise inaccessible information on the origin and nature of carbonaceous fluid(s) in the mantle.Here we evaluate the role of subducted volatiles in diamond formation within the Siberian cratonic lithosphere.Specifically, we focus on the halogen (Cl, Br and I) and noble gas (He, Ne and Ar) geochemistry of fluids trapped within cubic, coated and cloudy fibrous diamonds from the Nyurbinskaya kimberlite, Siberia.Our data show Br/ Cl and I/Cl ratios consistent with involvement of altered oceanic crust, suggesting subduction-derived fluids have infiltrated the Siberian lithosphere. 3He/ 4 He ranging from 2 to 11 R A , indicates the addition of a primordial mantle component to the SCLM.Mantle plumes may therefore act as a trigger to re-mobilise subducted carbon-rich fluids from the sub-continental lithospheric mantle, and we argue this may be an essential process in the formation of fluid-rich diamonds, and kimberlitic magmatism.
Abstract Deception Island is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica with more than twenty explosive eruptions in the past two centuries. Any future volcanic eruption(s) is a serious concern for scientists and tourists, will be detrimental to marine ecosystems and could have an impact to global oceanographic processes. Currently, it is not possible to carry-out low and high frequency volcanic gas monitoring at Deception Island because of the arduous climatic conditions and its remote location. Helium, neon and argon isotopes measured in olivine samples of the main eruptive events (pre-, syn- and post caldera) offer insights into the processes governing its volcanic history. Our results show that: (i) ascending primitive magmas outgassed volatiles with a MORB-like helium isotopic signature ( 3 He/ 4 He ratio); and (ii) variations in the He isotope ratio, as well as intensive degassing evidenced by fractionated 4 He/ 40 Ar * values, occurred before the beginning of the main eruptive episodes. Our results show how the pre-eruptive noble gas signals of volcanic activity is an important step toward a better understanding of the magmatic dynamics and has the potential to improve eruption forecasting.
Abstract Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will launch a spacecraft in 2024 to return samples from Phobos in 2029. Curatorial work for the returned Phobos samples is critical for the sample allocation without degrading the sample integrity and subsequent sample analysis that will provide new constraints on the origin of Phobos and the evolution of the circum‐Mars environment. The Sample Analysis Working Team of the MMX is designing the sample curation protocol. The curation protocol consists of three phases: (1) quick analysis (extraction and mass spectrometry for gases), (2) pre‐basic characterization (bulk‐scale observation), and (3) basic characterization (grain‐by‐grain observation and allocation of the sample aliquots). Nondestructive analyses within the clean chamber (e.g., visible and near‐infrared spectral imaging) and outside the chamber (e.g., gas mass spectrometry) are incorporated into the curation flow in coordination with the MMX mission instrument teams for ground‐truthing the remote‐sensing data sets. The MMX curation/sample analysis flow enables the seamless integration between the sample and remote‐sensing data sets to maximize the scientific value of the collected Phobos samples.