Steffen Hagemann

University of Western Australia

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Thomas Angerer

Universität Innsbruck

Paul Duuring

University of Western Australia

João Orestes Schneider Santos

University of Western Australia

Carlos Alberto Rosiére

Instituto de Geociencias

Anthony I.S. Kemp

University of Western Australia

Malcolm P. Roberts

University of Western Australia

W. K. Witt

University of Western Australia

Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Lydia Maria Lobato

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Ana S. Fogliata

National University of Tucumán

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University of Western Australia

105

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ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems

Australian Research Council

Instituto de Geociencias

Curtin University

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Mineral Resources

Australian National University

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Source component mixing controls the variability in Cu and Au endowment along the strike of the Eastern Andean Cordillera in Peru

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2018)

Thomas Angerer Anthony I.S. Kemp Steffen Hagemann W. K. Witt João Orestes Schneider Santos

Mississippian arc magmatic suites of the Au-rich Pataz and Cu-dominated Montañitas regions in Peru reveal distinct modes of magmatic-hydrothermal petro- and metallogenesis. The distinction is remarkable due to their broad contemporaneity (336–322 Ma), arc-parallel position, and close distance (< 50 km) to each other. In both arc regions, petrography, geochemistry, and the tectonic setting of magmatic suites suggest a rapid switch from syn-collisional/compressional to post-collisional/extensional (with 'A2-type' signature) emplacement regime. Rocks of the Au-rich Pataz region originate from mixed sources with a contribution from the mantle (εHf > 0 and δ18O of ~ 5.3‰) and assimilated old crust (variously low εHf and δ18O > 5.3‰). The ultimate source of Au in the mineralised Pataz batholith was oxidised (fO2 at FMQ buffer; based on zircon trace chemistry) and alkali-, LILE- and HFSE-enriched, most likely represented by the metasomatised mantle. The syn-extensional emplacement of the relatively reduced (ΔFMQ < 0), but unmineralised, A2-type suite involved assimilation of reduced crust. Associated, reduced, magmatic-hydrothermal fluids infiltrated the Au-bearing batholith suite and effectively mobilised and transported and concentrated Au. In the Montañitas region, rocks are oxidised (ΔFMQ > 0) and dominantly mantle derived without significant incorporation of crustal material. Samples from the Cu-mineralised suites indicate the additional contribution of a δ18O < 5.3‰ source, potentially melted layer-2 gabbro. In addition, the elevated whole-rock La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios are compatible with minor addition of slab-derived material, which may have enhanced Cu endowment in this region. Late-magmatic, oxidised fluids derived from the younger A2-type suite controlled Cu mobilisation and concentration, while Au behaved largely refractory. In general terms, it is postulated that source mixing in continental arcs is a first-order control of contrasting Cu and Au endowment and that sequential intrusion processes facilitate late-magmatic-hydrothermal mobilisation and concentration of specific metal assemblages.

Batholith

10.1007/s00410-018-1462-5

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Citations (12)

The Bronzewing lode-gold deposit, Western Australia: P–T–X evidence for fluid immiscibility caused by cyclic decompression in gold-bearing quartz-veins

Chemical Geology (2001)

Allison Dugdale Steffen Hagemann

Lode

Greenschist

Greenstone belt

Overprinting

10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00268-0

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Citations (84)

The tectonic setting and evolution of the 2.7 Ga Kalgoorlie–Kurnalpi Rift, a world-class Archean gold province

Mineralium Deposita (2018)

W. K. Witt K.F. Cassidy Yongjun Lu Steffen Hagemann

Yilgarn Craton

10.1007/s00126-017-0778-9

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Citations (37)

Syenitic Group intrusions of the Archean Kurnalpi Terrane, Yilgarn Craton: Hosts to ancient alkali porphyry gold deposits?

Ore Geology Reviews (2017)

W. K. Witt K.F. Cassidy Yongjun Lu Steffen Hagemann

Yilgarn Craton

Greenstone belt

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.037

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Citations (10)

Magmatic Hydrothermal Fluids at the Sedimentary Rock-Hosted, Intrusion-Related Telfer Gold-Copper Deposit, Paterson Orogen, Western Australia: Pressure-Temperature-Composition Constraints on the Ore-Forming Fluids

Economic Geology (2016)

Conrad Schindler Steffen Hagemann David Banks Terrence P. Mernagh Anthony C. Harris

The Neoproterozoic Telfer deposit, one of Australia’s largest gold-copper deposits, is located in the Paterson orogen. Several highly differentiated calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic peraluminous granites intruded the metasedimentary rocks near (5–20 km) Telfer contemporaneously with structurally controlled gold-copper mineralization. Fluid inclusion assemblages with different fluid inclusion types were identified in samples from a range of different vein types. These inclusion types range from three-phase aqueous Laq + Vaq + Shalite, high-salinity (≤50 wt % NaCl equiv), high-temperature (≤460°C) inclusions to two-phase aqueous or two-phase aqueous carbonic, low- to moderate-salinity (2–22 wt % NaCl equiv), moderate- to high-temperature (≤480°C) fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion trapping mechanisms and interpreted precipitation mechanisms for gold and copper include (1) adiabatic cooling between 450° and 200°C in all veins and, (2) locally, fluid phase separation at about 300°C. The trapping pressure of fluid inclusion assemblages trapped during phase immiscibility was calculated to be approximately 1.5 kbar. For fluid inclusion assemblages that lack evidence for phase immiscibility, a pressure at the temperature of final homogenization of up to 3 kbar was calculated. This high pressure value is interpreted to be related to local fluid overpressure, as a consequence of fault zone movement, in faults and fractures that localized gold at Telfer. Phase immiscibility and gold precipitation were induced during sharp pressure decrease accompanying fault zone movement. In situ laser inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses of fluid inclusions revealed high trace element contents in all fluid inclusion assemblages. Manganese/Fe ratios of 0.24 is observed. Given the high temperatures and salinities of up to 480°C and 42 wt % NaCl equiv, Au and Cu were likely transported as chloride complexes. This interpretation is supported by the observation that the highest base metal contents occur in the highest-salinity fluid inclusion. Potassium/Ca ratios of >1 in most assemblages, the high homogenization temperatures (≤480°C) in many fluid inclusion assemblages, and the high trace element contents (e.g., Fe, Mg, K, Na) in most of the fluid inclusion assemblages are compatible with involvement of a magmatic hydrothermal fluid during gold-copper mineralization. This fluid was probably derived from the coeval granites in the Telfer area and, thus, Telfer is interpreted to be a distal, intrusion-related, metasedimentary rock-hosted, gold-copper deposit type.

10.2113/econgeo.111.5.1099

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Citations (29)

High-grade iron ore at Windarling, Yilgarn Craton: a product of syn-orogenic deformation, hypogene hydrothermal alteration and supergene modification in an Archean BIF-basalt lithostratigraphy

Mineralium Deposita (2012)

Thomas Angerer Steffen Hagemann L Danyushevsky

Banded iron formation

Yilgarn Craton

Greenschist

Hypogene

Greenstone belt

10.1007/s00126-012-0450-3

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Citations (46)

The Archean BIF-hosted Lamego gold deposit, Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero: Evidence for Cambrian structural modification of an Archean orogenic gold deposit

Ore Geology Reviews (2015)

Breno de Souza Martins Lydia Maria Lobato Carlos Alberto Rosiére Steffen Hagemann João Orestes Schneider Santos

The Lamego orogenic gold deposit (1.3 Mt measured resources at 7.26 g/t Au) is located at the south-western end of the 5 km-long Cuiabá–Lamego trend, Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, Brazil. Both Archean orogenic gold deposits are situated in the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt with the lithological succession at Lamego consisting of metamorphosed (greenschist facies) mafic volcanic rock, chert and banded iron formation (BIF), and carbonaceous and micaceous pelites. The Lamego fold, which controls the Lamego deposit, is the most visible structure related to the D1–D2 event, with a perimeter of about 4.8 km and a maximum width of 450 m. The fold is defined by the layering of the mafic unit with minor BIF and large exposures of carbonaceous and micaceous pelites. It is a rootless, reclined, isoclinal, cylindrical fold with an axial trace striking northwest–southeast dipping 20° to 30°. The hinge zone is thickened and the limbs are thinned, with the limbs dipping 20° to 30° to the SE. Orebodies consist of the Lamego BIF, where gold-mineralized zones are related to iron-rich bands, and associated silicification zones. Replacement-style mineralization is associated with sulfide bands; mainly pyrite, As-rich pyrite, and arsenopyrite. Two structural generations, G1 and G2, are recognized and encompass a set of structural elements. The G1 structural generation developed in a progressive deformation event and resulted in structures oriented from NE to SW and dipping to the SE. Structures pertaining to the G2 structural generation are oriented N–S dipping to the W. The four major high-grade gold orebodies are Carruagem, Queimada, Arco da Velha, and Cabeça de Pedra. Their gold grade shows a spheroidal pattern and a distribution that varies along the S1–2 foliation. These lenses represent the hinge zone of F2 reclined folds with the plunge of the orebodies controlled by the F2 fold axes. The lower-grade gold lenses are controlled by pinch and swell, and locally expressed quartz boudins developed during D1–D2. They have two orthogonal directions, one to the NW–SE and the other to the NE–SW, thereby defining chocolate-tablet style boudinage. Hydrothermal monazite grains in a mineralized mafic volcanic rock indicate that mineralization formed at 2730 ± 42 Ma (U–Pb SHRIMP). Younger monazite dated at 2387 ± 46 Ma, and xenotime dated at 518.5 ± 9 Ma suggest Siderian and Cambrian imprint in the Lamego deposit area. The Cambrian age reflects the late stages of the Brasiliano orogenic cycle, which is expressed in the Lamego deposit by the S3 crenulation cleavage (trend NS and dip steeply to the E). Importantly, the Cambrian structural modification is responsible for the present geometry of the Lamego orebodies, but is not associated with hydrothermal alteration; it has not introduced any new gold and also has not caused remobilization of the orebodies or ore minerals.

Greenstone belt

Pelite

Arsenopyrite

Syncline

Banded iron formation

Greenschist

10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.08.025

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Citations (38)

Greenhouse gas emissions and production cost footprints in Australian gold mines

Journal of Cleaner Production (2020)

Sam Ulrich Allan Trench Steffen Hagemann