Steffen Hagemann

University of Western Australia

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Thomas Angerer

Universität Innsbruck

Paul Duuring

University of Western Australia

João Orestes Schneider Santos

University of Western Australia

Carlos Alberto Rosiére

Instituto de Geociencias

Anthony I.S. Kemp

University of Western Australia

Malcolm P. Roberts

University of Western Australia

W. K. Witt

University of Western Australia

Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Lydia Maria Lobato

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Ana S. Fogliata

National University of Tucumán

Cooperative Institutions

University of Western Australia

105

Target (United States)

ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems

Australian Research Council

Instituto de Geociencias

Curtin University

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

Mineral Resources

Australian National University

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Is the primary sulfur isotope signature of a porphyry Cu-magma preserved in zircon-hosted apatite?

Goldschmidt Abstracts (2023)

Giulia Consuma Anthony I.S. Kemp Laure Martin Steffen Hagemann Marco L. Fiorentini

10.7185/gold2023.19802

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Citations (0)

A classification scheme for epigenetic Archaean lode-gold deposits

Mineralium Deposita (1995)

M. Gebre-Mariam Steffen Hagemann David I. Groves

Lode

Mesothermal

Mineral resource classification

Overprinting

10.1007/bf00202283

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Citations (111)

Structural Control, Hydrothermal Alteration Zonation, and Fluid Chemistry of the Concealed, High-Grade 4EE Iron Orebody at the Paraburdoo 4E Deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia

Economic Geology (2014)

Wynne Thorne Steffen Hagemann D. Sepe H. J. Dalstra David Banks

Research Article| September 01, 2014 Structural Control, Hydrothermal Alteration Zonation, and Fluid Chemistry of the Concealed, High-Grade 4EE Iron Orebody at the Paraburdoo 4E Deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia Warren S. Thorne; Warren S. Thorne † 1Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia †Corresponding author: e-mail, specularite@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Steffen G. Hagemann; Steffen G. Hagemann 1Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David Sepe; David Sepe 1Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Hilke J. Dalstra; Hilke J. Dalstra 2Rio Tinto Exploration, 37 Belmont Avenue, Belmont, WA 6984, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar David A. Banks David A. Banks 3School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Economic Geology (2014) 109 (6): 1529–1562. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1529 Article history received: 10 Feb 2013 accepted: 02 Nov 2013 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Warren S. Thorne, Steffen G. Hagemann, David Sepe, Hilke J. Dalstra, David A. Banks; Structural Control, Hydrothermal Alteration Zonation, and Fluid Chemistry of the Concealed, High-Grade 4EE Iron Orebody at the Paraburdoo 4E Deposit, Hamersley Province, Western Australia. Economic Geology 2014;; 109 (6): 1529–1562. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1529 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract High-grade iron ore of the 4EE orebody of the 4E deposit (>200 Mt at 63.5 wt % Fe) occurs as a southerly dipping sheet within banded iron formation (BIF) of the Paleoproterozoic Dales Gorge and Joffre members of the Brockman Iron Formation. Structural reconstruction of the 4E deposit shows that reactivation of the 18E fault and development of the NW-striking, steeply SW dipping 4E and 4EE normal faults resulted in preservation of the 4EE orebody below the 4E deposit, and 400 m below the modern topographic surface.Three hypogene alteration zones between low-grade BIF and high-grade iron ore are observed: (1) distal magnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilpnomelane-hematite ± pyrite, (2) intermediate magnetite-dolomite-hematite-chlorite-quartz-stilpnomelane, and (3) proximal hematite-dolomite-chlorite ± pyrite ± magnetite. Hydrothermal alteration is temporally and spatially constrained by NW-trending dolerite dikes that intruded the 4E and 4EE faults prior to hypogene alteration. Six vein types (V1–V6) are recognized at the 4E deposit. The veins both cut and parallel the primary BIF layers and were emplaced contemporaneously with the hydrothermal alteration zones that record the transformation of low-grade BIF to high-grade iron ore.Our integrated structural-hydrothermal alteration and fluid flow model proposes that during early stage 1a, hypogene fluid flow in the 4E orebody occurred during a period of continental extension and enhanced heat flow within sedimentary basins to the south of the Paraburdoo Range. Heated basinal brines were focused by the NW-striking, steeply SW dipping 4E and 4EE normal faults and reacted with BIF of the Dales Gorge and Joffre members. The warm to hot (160°–255°C), Ca-rich (26.6–31.9 equiv wt % CaCl2) basinal brine interacted with magnetite-chert layers, transforming them into magnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilpnomelane-hematite-pyrite BIF. The iron-rich brine (up to 2.8 wt % Fe) likely originated from evaporated seawater that had lost Mg and Na and gained Li and Ca through fluid-rock reactions with volcaniclastic rocks and carbonate successions within the Wittenoom Formation. The first incursion of deeply circulating, low-salinity (5.8–9.5 wt % NaCl equiv), heated (106°–201°C) modified meteoric water is recorded in late stage 1a minerals. This modified meteoric water had lost some of its Na through wall rock interaction with plagioclase, possibly by interaction with dolerite of the Weeli Wooli Formation that directly overlies the Joffre and Dales Gorge members.Stage 1b involved continuing reactions between the hydrothermal fluids and the magnetite-quartz-dolomite-stilpnomelane-hematite-pyrite BIF, and produced both the intermediate magnetite-dolomite-hematite-chlorite-pyrite and the proximal hematite-dolomite-magnetite-stilpnomelane alteration assemblages. Microplaty (10–80 μm), platy (100–250 μm), and anhedral hematite increasingly replace magnetite in the intermediate alteration zone, forming the proximal alteration zones that consist of microplaty, platy, anhedral hematite and magnetite. The intermediate and proximal alteration zones represent the mixing of a hot (250°–400°C), high-salinity, Ca-rich (30–40 wt % CaCl2 equiv), Sr-rich basinal brine with low-temperature and low-salinity (~5 wt % NaCl equiv) modified meteoric water that was heated (~100°–200°C) during its descent into the upper crust. Heterogeneous mixing of the two end-member fluids resulted in the trapping of primary fluid inclusion assemblages containing a wide range of trapping temperatures (up to 200°C) and salinities (up to 25 wt % NaCl equiv).Stage 1c of the hypogene hydrothermal fluid is characterized by low-temperature (<110°C), low-salinity (~5 wt % NaCl) meteoric water that interacted with the proximal hematite-dolomite-magnetite-stilpnomelane–altered BIF, leaving a porous, hematite-apatite high-grade ore. Supergene alteration affected the orebody since the Cretaceous and produced a hematite-goethite alteration assemblage, resulting in destruction of the hypogene alteration zones that are only preserved below the depth of modern weathering.Discovery of the concealed 4EE orebody of the 4E deposit demonstrates that structural geology plays a critical role in the exploration for high-grade iron orebodies. Structural reconstruction should be considered a critical exploration activity in structurally complex terranes where concealed orebodies may exist. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

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10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1529

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Citations (30)

Ancient structural inheritance explains gold deposit clustering in northern Perú

Geology (2022)

Daniel Wiemer Steffen Hagemann Jon Hronsky Anthony I.S. Kemp Nicolas Thébaud

Abstract The punctuated distribution of major gold deposits along orogenic belts is poorly understood. In northern Perú, gold deposits cluster along trends that transect the subparallel Phanerozoic belts that accreted onto the western margin of the Archean–Proterozoic Amazonian craton. This suggests the influence of as yet unrecognized pre-Andean basement structures in controlling the localization of Phanerozoic deposits. We report the newly discovered Tomac ophiolite, which represents a missing link in tracing a cryptic basement collisional suture striking obliquely to the Peruvian Andes. The Tomac ophiolite signals the opening of a former Neoproterozoic ocean basin between the Amazonian craton and a continental ribbon of dispersed microterranes. Re-accretion of the continental ribbon resulted in the formation of a collisional belt between ca. 465 and 440 Ma. Rifting and re-accretion occurred parallel to the strike of the ca. 1400–1000 Ma Grenvillian-Sunsás orogen, indicating that structural corridors that transect the Andes at an oblique strike angle reflect inheritance of preexisting lithospheric weak zones. Our study demonstrates that Phanerozoic gold deposits in northern Perú cluster at the intersection between the newly defined basement suture and the superimposed Andean belt and associated well-documented cross faults. Gold mineralization was localized at ancient structural intersections, where enhanced permeability facilitated anomalous energy and mass transfer, promoting major ore accumulation during episodes of accretion.

Basement

10.1130/g50208.1

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Citations (7)

Structural setting, textures, and timing of hydrothermal vein systems in the Val d'Or camp, Abitibi, Canada: implications for the evolution of transcrustal, second- and third-order fault zones and gold mineralization

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (2000)

Peter Neumayr Steffen Hagemann Jean‐François Couture

In the Val d'Or camp, Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada, numerous gold-mineralized second- and third-order fault zones are spatially associated with the transcrustal Cadillac Tectonic Zone (CTZ). This situation is used to test whether fluid systems in the CTZ have a similar structural timing to those in the gold-hosting structures, and hence the CTZ could represent the main fluid conduit in the camp. The transcrustal CTZ at Orenada No. 2 contains structurally complex vein systems, with mineralized quartz-tourmaline veins related to both D 2 oblique-reverse faulting and F 3 dextral asymmetric folding, both of which have been overprinted by unmineralized subhorizontal and subvertical quartz veins. Quartz ± tourmaline veins within second- and third-order shear zones at Paramaque and Rivière Héva also formed during D 2 deformation and have been, at least at Rivière Héva, deformed by F 3 asymmetric folding. In contrast, mineralized quartz vein systems at Cartier Malartic are controlled by F 3 folding and overprinted by late-stage D 3 faults which host late quartz-tourmaline veins. Quartz vein textures are consistent with these timing relations, because D 2 -controlled veins contain deformed quartz grains, whereas quartz in D 3 -controlled veins is unstrained. The D 2 and D 3 timing of mineralized quartz veins in the transcrustal CTZ and in second- and third-order structures is consistent with the notion that the CTZ represents the main fluid conduit and that mineralization occurred in linked second- and third-order structures. The different timing of quartz-tourmaline veins in different shear zones indicates that the veins were probably hydraulically linked to the CTZ during at least two different episodes. The location of Cartier Malartic structurally below the CTZ indicates that fluids travelled either downward from the main conduit or that the shear zone was part of the CTZ.

Tourmaline

Greenstone belt

10.1139/e99-105

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Citations (46)

Geochemical Evolution of the Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Iron Ore System in the Koolyanobbing Greenstone Belt, Western Australia

Economic Geology (2012)

Thomas Angerer Steffen Hagemann L Danyushevsky

The banded iron formation (BIF)-hosted iron ore deposits in the lower greenstone succession of the Koolyanobbing greenstone belt, 50 km north of Southern Cross in Western Australia, are a ∼200 Mt high-grade Fe (>58%) pre-mining resource and represents one of the most important iron ore districts in the Yilgarn craton. Four hypogene alteration (ore-forming) stages and one supergene upgrading event took place: (1) During ore stage 1, LREE-depleted, transition metal-enriched, Mg-Fe (±Ca) carbonates replaced quartz in BIFs. The deposit-scale alteration was most likely induced by devolatilization of sea-floor-altered, Ca-Si-depleted mafic rocks in the vicinity of the BIF during early regional (syn-D 1), very low to low-grade metamorphism and was most strongly developed on reactivated BIF-basalt contacts. (2) Ore stage 2 involved the formation of patchy magnetite ore by a syn-D 2 to-D 4 dissolution of early carbonate. Enrichment of Fe 2O 3total in magnetite iron ore was by a factor of 2 to 2.4, and compatible trace elements in magnetite, such as Ga, V, and Al, were immobile. A subdeposit-scale ferroan talc-footprint proximal to magnetite iron ore in the largest deposit (K deposit) was associated with ore stage 2 and resulted from dissolution of magnesite due to reaction with silica in the BIF under greenschist facies conditions and potentially high fluid/rock ratio. (3) Magnetite growth, during ore stage 3, forming granular magnetite-martite ore is related to a subsequent hydrothermal event, occurring locally throughout the belt, especially in D 2b faults. (4) Ore stage 4 was associated with Fe-Ca-P-(L)REE-Y-enriched hydrothermal fluids, possibly from a magmatic source such as the postmetamorphic Lake Seabrook granite that crops out about 10 km west of the Koolyanobbing deposits and at the southern margin of the greenstone belt. These Ca-enriched fluids interacted with distal metamorphosed mafic rock and influenced the BIF-ore system in a small number of deposits. They were channelled through regional D 4 faults and caused specularitedolomite- quartz alteration, resulting in Fe grades of up to 68%. (5) Supergene upgrade (ore stage 5) by (further) gangue leaching in the weathering zone was most effective in carbonate-altered BIFs and magnetite ore. This process, together with supergene martitization and goethite replacement of magnetite, led to the formation of high-grade, locally (at K deposit) high P goethite-martite ore. At Koolyanobbing, the two geochemically distinct stages of Archean carbonate alteration clearly controlled the formation of hypogene magnetite-specularite- martite-rich ore and recent supergene modification, including the further upgrade of Fe ore. © 2012 by ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.

Banded iron formation

Greenstone belt

Iron ore

Greenschist

Ore genesis

Yilgarn Craton

Gangue

Hypogene

10.2113/econgeo.107.4.599

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Citations (80)

Ediacaran - Cambrian fluid flow in Archean orogenic gold deposits: Evidence from U–Pb SHRIMP hydrothermal monazite ages of the metaturbidite-hosted Córrego do Sítio and Pilar deposits, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

Journal of South American Earth Sciences (2022)

Tatiana Gonçalves Dias Rosaline Cristina Figueiredo e Silva Lydia Maria Lobato Fabrício de Andrade Caxito Steffen Hagemann

Greenstone belt

10.1016/j.jsames.2022.103844

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Citations (1)

Source component mixing controls the variability in Cu and Au endowment along the strike of the Eastern Andean Cordillera in Peru

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (2018)

Thomas Angerer Anthony I.S. Kemp Steffen Hagemann W. K. Witt João Orestes Schneider Santos

Mississippian arc magmatic suites of the Au-rich Pataz and Cu-dominated Montañitas regions in Peru reveal distinct modes of magmatic-hydrothermal petro- and metallogenesis. The distinction is remarkable due to their broad contemporaneity (336–322 Ma), arc-parallel position, and close distance (< 50 km) to each other. In both arc regions, petrography, geochemistry, and the tectonic setting of magmatic suites suggest a rapid switch from syn-collisional/compressional to post-collisional/extensional (with 'A2-type' signature) emplacement regime. Rocks of the Au-rich Pataz region originate from mixed sources with a contribution from the mantle (εHf > 0 and δ18O of ~ 5.3‰) and assimilated old crust (variously low εHf and δ18O > 5.3‰). The ultimate source of Au in the mineralised Pataz batholith was oxidised (fO2 at FMQ buffer; based on zircon trace chemistry) and alkali-, LILE- and HFSE-enriched, most likely represented by the metasomatised mantle. The syn-extensional emplacement of the relatively reduced (ΔFMQ < 0), but unmineralised, A2-type suite involved assimilation of reduced crust. Associated, reduced, magmatic-hydrothermal fluids infiltrated the Au-bearing batholith suite and effectively mobilised and transported and concentrated Au. In the Montañitas region, rocks are oxidised (ΔFMQ > 0) and dominantly mantle derived without significant incorporation of crustal material. Samples from the Cu-mineralised suites indicate the additional contribution of a δ18O < 5.3‰ source, potentially melted layer-2 gabbro. In addition, the elevated whole-rock La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios are compatible with minor addition of slab-derived material, which may have enhanced Cu endowment in this region. Late-magmatic, oxidised fluids derived from the younger A2-type suite controlled Cu mobilisation and concentration, while Au behaved largely refractory. In general terms, it is postulated that source mixing in continental arcs is a first-order control of contrasting Cu and Au endowment and that sequential intrusion processes facilitate late-magmatic-hydrothermal mobilisation and concentration of specific metal assemblages.

Batholith

10.1007/s00410-018-1462-5

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Citations (12)

The Bronzewing lode-gold deposit, Western Australia: P–T–X evidence for fluid immiscibility caused by cyclic decompression in gold-bearing quartz-veins

Chemical Geology (2001)

Allison Dugdale Steffen Hagemann

Lode

Greenschist

Greenstone belt

Overprinting

10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00268-0