Rapid emplacement of a Palaeogene silicic volcanic centre, Arran, western Scotland
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Paleogene
Silicic
The results of paleomagnetism experiments indicate that the composite Paleogene section from the Nuhetingboerhe-Huheboerhe area,Erlian Basin,records 5 normal polarity zones and 6 reversed polarity zones.These polarities can well be correlated to the chron C21r-C26r of GPTS 2004(Lourens et al.,2004),though some zones are not intact.The Nomogen Formation mainly consists of late Paleocene deposits,with some earliest Eocene and middle Paleocene strata.The Arshanto Formation represents a longer time,spanning from the early Eocene to the middle Eocene.The Irdin Manha Formation is entirely constrained within the middle Eocene.The age of the fossiliferous bed(with the fossils Lambdopsalis,Prionessus and Palaeostylops)probably belongs to the earliest late Paleocene.Another fossiliferous bed mainly containing Gomphos is near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary.
Paleogene
Magnetostratigraphy
Polarity (international relations)
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Abstract Erebus volcano, Antarctica, is the southernmost active volcano on the globe. Despite its remoteness and harsh conditions, Erebus volcano provides an unprecedented and unique opportunity to study the petrogenesis and evolution, as well as the passive and explosive degassing, of an alkaline magmatic system with a persistently open and magma-filled conduit. In this chapter, we review nearly five decades of scientific research related to Erebus volcano, including geological, geophysical, geochemical and microbiological observations and interpretations. Mount Erebus is truly one of the world's most significant natural volcano laboratories where the lofty scientific goal of studying a volcanic system from mantle to microbe is being realized.
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Volcanic gas emissions can often be interpreted as signals from deep within the Earth. The study of volcanic gases increases our understanding of how magmatic systems behave, and in some cases it can be used as a predictive tool for eruptive activity and associated hazards. Not only are we concerned with the dangers of large eruptions, but if large volumes of gas are released, the gases themselves can pose a hazard to communities surrounding a volcano.The environmental impacts of volcanic gas emissions are observed on local scales, and the significant global contribution to the atmosphere is also an area of current interest, since it relates to global climate change. As we still have much to understand about volcanic eruptions and the environmental impacts of volcanic gas emissions, scientists benefit from working together to improve instrumentation and monitoring techniques.
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Volcanic hazards
Volcanology
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In any one year, approximately 60 volcanoes erupt on the Earth. Even though about 80% of these eruptions occur under the oceans, the terrestrial volcanic events are common enough to have major impacts on nearby vegetation, often over large areas (e.g., Bilderback, 1987). Volcanic activity both destroys or modifies existing vegetation and creates new geological substrates upon which vegetation can re-establish. The types of plants surviving and recovering after volcanic activity largely depend upon the type of activity that takes place, the nutrient content of material ejected or moved by the volcano, the distance from the volcanic activity, and the types of vegetation propagules that survive in place or are transported from adjacent areas. The resulting changes in the vegetation abundance and patterning can have dramatic effects on the social and economic conditions of the humans in the areas surrounding volcanoes.
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Paleogene
Monocline
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Polygenetic volcanoes and calderas produce eruptions of a wide variety of magnitudes, chemistries, and recurrence times. Understanding the interplay between long- and short-term and deep and shallow processes associated with accumulation and transfer of eruptible magma is essential for assessing the potential for future eruptions to occur and estimating their magnitude, which remains one of the foremost challenges in the Earth sciences. We review literature and use existing data for emblematic volcanic systems to identify the essential data sets required to define the state of activity of volcanoes and their plumbing systems. We explore global eruptive records in combination with heat flux and other geological and geophysical data to determine the evolutionary stage of plumbing systems. We define a Volcanic Activity Index applicable to any volcano that provides an estimate of the potential of a system to erupt in the future, which is especially important for long-quiescent volcanoes. ▪ Magmatic plumbing systems that feed volcanic activity extend across Earth's crust and are long-lived at depth and ephemeral in their shallowest portions. ▪ We revise and update the definitions of active, quiescent, and extinct volcanoes based on physical proxies for the architecture, longevity, amount, and distribution of eruptible magma in the crust. ▪ We propose a Volcanic Activity Index, which provides a relative measure of the state of activity of a volcano with respect to all other volcanoes in the world. ▪ New imaging and monitoring strategies are required to improve our ability to detect lower and middle crust magmatic processes and forecast eruptions and their potential size.
Caldera
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In this paper,the mechanisms of volcanic eruptions impacting climate in different time scales are summarized,the research history of the volcanic records in ice cores from different locations is reviewed,the modeling results of volcanic influences with different models are expounded,and finally the uncertainties in the interrelated researches are pointed out.The main results include the following aspects : volcanic activities can cause the climatic fluctuation through the volcanic matter(aerosols).The activity is significant in the timescale of year to decade.However,it is controversial for centurial and millennial time scale.Volcanic records in the ice cores can provide important information for understanding the climatic effects resulted from the volcanic activities in history.Using the volcanic records from ice cores,the climatic effects from the volcanic activities in different regional scale can be calculated from many models,giving important theoretical support for analyzing the principles of climatic effects from volcanic activities,and providing useful materials for studying the volcanic effects in the future.However,many problems and uncertainties still exist in the modeling results and correlative researches.Further attention is needed to pay in the future.
Ice core
Vulcanian eruption
Volcanic hazards
Volcanic ash
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Volcanology
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The Paleogene sequences in the Hongze sag, Northern Jiangsu, are well developed and are rich in ostracode, charophyte and sporopollen fossils. According to the stratigraphic distribution of the genera and species, 12 fossil assemblages as well as their correlation are recognized. The stratigraphic and correlative columns of the Shunhe and Guanzhen subsags are drawn in this paper, 7 beds with lithologic and electric characteristics are identified, which can be used in the stratigraphic correlation in the sag. It is conclued that in the Paleogene in the studied area, the contacts of the formations and members are conformable except the unconformity and disconformity resulted from Sanduo and Wubao Movements.
Paleogene
Lithology
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