Quantification of factors affecting fault sealing by using machine learning: Shuangtaizi fault anticline, southern margin of the Liaohe Western Depression, Northeastern China
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Indicating the Role of Geological Conditions in Shaping the Hareer Anticline, Iraqi Kurdistan Region
The Hareer anticline is within the High Folded Zone, facing southwards towards the Low Folded Zone. Both zones are part of the Outer Platform of the Arabian Plate. Moreover, both zones are part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt located within the Zagros Foreland Basin. Although the Hareer anticline is a double plunging anticline oriented in a NW-SE trend, both plunges are abnormal. The northwestern plunge is gradually passing to the southwestern limb of the Pirat anticline; although there is a very shallow syncline in between them, giving a right-hand en-echelon form to the plunge. Whereas, the southeastern plunge disappears between the Kamosk anticline located southeast wards and the Shakrook anticline is located southwards. Both the Hareer and the Kamosk anticlines are thrusted over the Shakrook anticline by means of two long thrust faults that run almost parallel to the Hareer anticline. It is clearly observed that the anticline is growing northwest wards; according to the recognized geomorphological and structural features. High-Quality satellite images were interpreted to elucidate the abnormal form of the Hareer anticline. The interpreted data and different types of geomorphological features including the estimation of the rate of stream incision were checked in the field.
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Aqra Anticline is a double plunging anticline, oriented NW–SE with a steep southwestern limb and even overturned. Geomorphological features are interpreted using satellite images, as a result, it was found that the anticline shows clear geomorphological and structural features which indicate the lateral growth of the anticline. Among those features are water gaps, wind gaps, forked-shaped valleys, curved valleys, inclined valleys and dislocated and abandoned alluvial fans. Some of the vague interpreted features were checked and confirmed in the field.
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Syncline
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The Azmir-Goizha anticline elongates directly to north and northeast boundary of Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region, NE-Iraq. The anticline is originally consisted of two main connected anticlines (Goizha and Azmir anticlines) at southwest and northwest of the studied area respectively with many other smaller ones. The anticline has the length, width and elevation of about 10, 4 and 1.6 kms (amsl) respectively. It elongates from Weladar village, from southeast to Khamza village at the northwest. The anticline is relatively complex and during the last decade, many structural, paleontological and stratigraphical studies were conducted on it but without utilizing them for accurate solving complexity. The present study tries to use the field study and nannofossils aging for simplifying and showing actual geologic setting of the anticline. The previous occurrence of 63m of Dokan Formation and its unconformable lower boundary are refused. On the basis of clear stratigraphic horizon, the geological map of the anticline is completely changed and new stratigraphic units are shown. The map shows that the anticline is mainly covered by Balambo Formation instead of previous Kometan Formation. Moreover, the Sarmord Formation is identified for the first time in the area and differentiated from Balambo Formation. Sarmord Formation crops out and occupies the core of the anticline which can be seen from Khamza to Weladar villages at the northwest and southeast of the studied area respectively. For the first time, the equivalents of Gulneri and Dokan formations are shown and discussed in the area.
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The Shakrook anticline has very a complicated structural form, this is attributed to three thrust faults, and the presence of four anticlinal axes with the main anticlinal body. The most northwest existing anticline is called in the current study the Sisawa anticline, the main two anticlines are called the Shakrook East and Shakrook West, whereas the fourth one is called the Biluk anticline it is developed along the southwestern limb of the Shakrook East anticline. The exposed rocks in the Shakrook anticline range from Upper Jurassic to the Paleogene age. The bulk of the main Shakrook anticline is formed by the Bekhme Formation (Upper Cretaceous age), whereas the bulk of the Sisawa anticline is formed of the Shiranish Formation (Upper Cretaceous age) with Paleogene and Neogene aged rocks. Geological maps and high-quality satellite images were used to elucidate the complex structural form of the Shakrook anticline. The updated geological map is quite different from those existing geological maps. A field investigation was carried out to check the interpreted data and to implement photography to the interested structural and geomorphological forms. Different geomorphological forms also were interpreted; they all refer to the lateral growth of the Shakrook anticline.
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The Bradost and Chinara mountains are two well-known geomorphic features in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR), forming two anticlines, besides Shireen and Sare Musa anticlines, which are located north of the Bradost anticline, all four anticlines trend NW - SE. The four anticlines are dissected by the Greater Zab River that swings along its course within the anticlines due to tens of very old landslides and/or plunges. The four studied anticlines are dissected by different thrust faults, which extend for a few kilometers. The thrust faults trend NW - SE; however, locally they deflect from the main trend. The Lower Jurassic rocks are the oldest exposed rocks in the studied area, whereas the rocks of the Bekhme Formation form the carapace of the Bradost and Chinara anticlines. Different structural and geomorphological features were interpreted from satellite images and those which are accessible were checked in the field, all of them indicate the four anticlines exhibit lateral growth. We have measured different aspects to elucidate the type of folds. The four anticlines are Detachment folds, with shallow decollement, which ranges in depth between (100-250) m.
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