Cenozoic biostratigraphy of larger foraminifera from equatorial carbonate platform of northwestern Brazil
Dayana Alvarado SierraOrangel AguileraOlga Maria Oliveira de AraújoRicardo Tadeu LopesMauro César GeraldesMaria Virgínia Alves MartinsGiovanni ColettiBeatriz Teixeira GuimarãesAna Paula LinharesVinícius Tavares Kütter
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The geochronologic units of Palaeogene and Neogene have long been described in Japanese as "Kodaisanki" and "Shindaisanki", which mean old and young Tertiary, respectively. The International Commission on Stratigraphy, however, recently proposes the revised geochronologic chart, demonstrating the subdivision of the Cenozoic Era into the Palaeogene and Neogene Periods instead of the Tertiary and Quaternary. The Japanese wording "Kodaisanki" and "Shindaisanki", therefore, should be reconsidered in terms of derivatio nominis of Palaeogene and Neogene. Here we review the Japanese usages of Palaeogene and Neogene in previous textbooks back to the end of the nineteenth century. It is concluded that the words "Koseiki", "Shiseiki" or "Kyuseiki" for Palaeogene and "Shinseiki" or "Kinseiki" for Neogene have already been proposed and described by Prof. Matajiro Yokoyama. These Japanese terms for Palaeogene and Neogene would be taken into consideration to write geological reports and papers in Japanese.
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Based on accumulations and distributional characteristics of hydrocarbons in the Neogene of the Raoyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,we discussed accumulation characteristics and major controlling factors of Neogene hydrocarbons.Oil and gas in the Neogene of the study area are mainly derived from the lower Es1 and upper Es3 source rocks of the Paleogene.Laterally,hydrocarbons are accumulated in zones either adjacent to the center of primary hydrocarbon-generative sub-depressions or with stronger Neogene fault activities and an appropriate sand-to-shale ratio,where hydrocarbons are distributed in a banded pattern.Vertically,hydrocarbons are mainly accumulated in the Neogene Guantao Formation,showing a complementary correlation with hydrocarbon distributions in underlying Paleogene and pre-Tertiary strata.Major controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulations include: the oil and gas distribution in general is controlled by primary hydrocarbon-generative sub-depressions;the vertical transport capacity and concentrated blocks of hydrocarbons are dominated by the time span and intensity of Neogene fault activities;the accumulation extent of Neogene hydrocarbons is affected by the development of Paleogene clasolite and pre-Paleogene carbonate buried-hill traps;and the height of oil columns in Neogene reservoirs is dependent on the thickness and quality of cap rocks.
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Larger foraminifera were collected from various Paleocene and Eocene localities in western Cuba. Included was a mea- sured section at San Francisco de Paula in Ciudad de la Habana Province in the Apolo and Capdevila Formations. This section spans the Paleocene/Eocene boundary and has been the focus of intensive biostratigraphic work. In this study, the stratigraphic occurrences of the larger foraminifera were correlated to biozonations based on planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, radiolaria, and smaller benthic foraminifera already identified at San Francisco de Paula. Most of the above localities consist of synorogenic sedimentary rocks and the larger foraminifera collected from these sites have in fact been transported to deep water. In order to obtain some in situ larger foraminfera, additional upper Paleocene and lower Eocene samples were obtained from 10 wells in episutural basins from throughout Cuba. In all, eleven species of larger foraminifera were identified from the upper Paleocene and lower Eocene of Cuba. These are: Ranikothalia catenula (Cushman and Jarvis) (=Operculina catenula 1932), Discocyclina barkeri Vaughan and Cole, Discocyclina anconensis Barker, Discocyclina weaveri Vaughan, Eoconuloides lopeztrigoi (Palmer) (=Amphistegina lopeztrigoi 1934), Eoconu- loides wellsi Cole and Bermudez, Eofabiania cushmani (Vaughan) (=Discocyclina cushmani 1929), Athecocyclina stephensoni (Vaughan) (=Discocyclina stephensoni 1929), Pseudophargmina cedarkeysensis, Cole, Hexagonocyclina cristensis (Vaughan) (=Orbitoclypeus? cristensis 1924), and Cushmania americana (Cushman) (=Conulites americana 1919). The larger foraminifera from Paleocene age samples contain an assemblage recognized throughout the Caribbean and Gulf Coastal Plain as the Ranikothalia catenula fauna. Eocene samples contain an assemblage of larger foraminifera refered to here as the Eoconuloides wellsi fauna. Based onI data collected at the San Francisco de Paula section, the change from the Ranikothalia catenula fauna to the Eoconuloides wellsi fauna appears to post-date the benthic faunal turnover associated with the bathyal realm.
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The role of the Neogene tectonic movements to the hydrocarbon accumulation has been paid more attention these years.To the better understanding of the Neogene geology and structural pattern of the North Yellow Sea basin,we identify main Neogene-Quaternary(N-Q)faults by interpreting the newly-acquired seismic data and ship borne gravity data.Most of the interpreted faults are boundary normal faults of the depressions within the basin and in the uplifts.Besides,some faults possess the characteristics of the strike-slip fault,e.g.the west-marginal North Yellow Sea fault.Compared with Paleogene faults,we find that the N-Q faults are inherited to the Paleogene faults within the basin,but it is difficult to determine the inheritance of the N-Q faults to the Paleogene ones in the upliftsbecause of the lack of the Paleogene fault data in the uplifts.
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