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Riparian zone is crucial to the health of streams and their surrounding environment. Evaluation of riparian condition is essential to achieve and maintain good stream health, as well as to sustain ecological functions that riparian areas provide. This manuscript is aimed to evaluate riparian conditions of Songhua River, the fifth longest river in China, using physical structural integrality (PSI) values derived from remote sensing and validated by field measurements. The variation and clusters of PSI values were discriminated by the spatial statistics to quantify variation of riparian condition in each measurement section. Evaluation results derived from 13 measurement sections indicated that over 60% of the riparian zones have been disturbed by human activities. Analysis of land use patterns of riparian zone in the cold and hot spots found that land-use patterns had an important effect on riparian condition. The build-up and farmland areas had been the main human disturbances to the riparian condition, which were increased from 1976 to 2013. The low-low clusters (low PSI values with low neighbors) of PSI values can be implemented to identify the vulnerability of the riparian zone.
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The interaction of pollutants and sediment is very complex.On the one hand,sediment influences the behaviors of adsorption and desorption of pollutants,on the other hand,the surface morphology of sediment changes after adsorbing pollutants,and the mechanical movement characteristics of sediment change,so people pay more and more attention to the influences of pollutant adsorption on the characteristics of sediment movement.In the article,we summarized the research situations at home and abroad,such as the influences of surface features of polluted sediment particles and pollutants on the behaviors of sediment.Finally,the future research directions on environmental sediment were proposed,which were the researches of absorption phenomena of organic pollutants at the particles' surface from the microscopic scale,the researches in aspect of scouring and silting of environmental sediment,and the influences of new organic pollutants.
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