DOMINANT SPATIOTEMPORAL MODES OF ARCTIC SEA ICE DURING 2000–2020
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This study quantifies drastic variations of Arctic sea ice during 2000–2020. Four dominant modes revealed 32.18%, 14.6%, 9.34% and 8.25% of the total variance of sea ice concentration over the Arctic. The first two dominant modes have exhibited seesaw structures on the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Arctic over the past 20 years: Sea ice increased in the southwest of Greenland and reduced in the northeast; sea ice decreased drastically in the Bering Sea but increased in the Okhotsk Sea. An overall increase of sea ice in the Arctic occurred in the third dominant mode, while a seesaw structure appeared in the Barents Sea in the fourth dominant mode. At the end, the influence of the Arctic atmosphere and upper-ocean state on the Arctic sea ice variation was investigated.Keywords:
Arctic geoengineering
Arctic dipole anomaly
Abstract. In this paper we studied the impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean’s memory by using numerical simulations. We found that the changes in ocean freshwater content induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates regionally even years after the wind perturbations. Changes in the Arctic liquid freshwater content cause changes in the sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents, which further enforce a lasting and strong impact on sea ice. Both the changes in sea surface height gradient force (due to changes in sea surface height) and ice-ocean stress (due to changes in surface geostrophic currents) are found to be important in determining the overall ocean effects. The revealed ocean effects are mainly associated with changes in sea ice dynamics, not thermodynamics. Depending on the preceding atmospheric mode driving the ocean, the ocean’s memory of the wind forcing can lead to changes in Arctic sea ice characteristics with very different spatial patterns. We identified these spatial patterns associated with Arctic Oscillation, Arctic Dipole Anomaly and Beaufort High modes through dedicated numerical simulations. The dynamical impact of the ocean has strong seasonal variations, stronger in summer and weaker in winter and spring. It implies that declining trends of Arctic sea ice will very possibly allow a stronger ocean impact on the sea ice in a warming climate.
Arctic geoengineering
Arctic dipole anomaly
Sea ice concentration
Fast ice
Arctic oscillation
Geostrophic current
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Abstract Over the past decades, Arctic climate has exhibited significant changes characterized by strong pan-Arctic warming and a large-scale wind shift trending toward an anticyclonic anomaly centered over Greenland and the Arctic Ocean. Recent work has suggested that this wind change is able to warm the Arctic atmosphere and melt sea ice through dynamically driven warming, moistening, and ice drift effects. However, previous examination of this linkage lacks a capability to fully consider the complex nature of the sea ice response to the wind change. In this study, we perform a more rigorous test of this idea by using a coupled high-resolution modeling framework with observed winds nudged over the Arctic that allows for a comparison of these wind-induced effects with observations and simulated effects forced by anthropogenic forcing. Our nudging simulation can well capture observed variability of atmospheric temperature, sea ice, and the radiation balance during the Arctic summer and appears to simulate around 30% of Arctic warming and sea ice melting over the whole period (1979–2020) and more than 50% over the period 2000–12, which is the fastest Arctic warming decade in the satellite era. In particular, in the summer of 2020, a similar wind pattern reemerged to induce the second-lowest sea ice extent since 1979, suggesting that large-scale wind changes in the Arctic are essential in shaping Arctic climate on interannual and interdecadal time scales and may be critical to determine Arctic climate variability in the coming decades. Significance Statement This work conducts a set of new CESM1 nudging simulations to quantify the impact of the observed evolution of large-scale high-latitude atmospheric winds on Arctic climate variability over the past four decades. Variations in climate parameters, including sea ice, radiation, and atmospheric temperatures are well replicated in the model when observed winds are imposed in the Arctic. By investigating simulated sea ice melting processes in the simulation, we illustrate and estimate how large-scale winds in the Arctic help melt sea ice in summer. The nudging method has the potential to make Arctic climate attribution more tangible and to unravel the important physical processes underlying recent abrupt climate change in the Arctic.
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Abstract : Contents: The Equilibrium Drift of Ice Station Alpha; The Roughness Parameters of Sea Ice; On the Mass and Heat Budget of Arctic Sea Ice; Heat Balance at the Surface of the Arctic Ocean; Remarks on the Cooling Power in Polar Regions; Seismic Studies of Sea Ice; Pack-Ice Studies in the Arctic Ocean; The Deuterium Content in Arctic Sea Ice; Waves on the Arctic Ocean; Seismic Studies of the Arctic Ocean Floor; Some Features of Arctic Deep-Sea Sedimentation; Dredged Gravels from the Central Arctic Ocean; Biological and Geological Observations on the First Photographs of the Arctic Ocean Deep-Sea Floor; Some Biological Oceanographic Observations in the Central North Polar Sea, Drift Station Alpha, 1957-1958; Some Remarks on Arctic Ocean Plankton, Arctic Archibenthal and Abyssal Mollusks from Drifting Station Alpha; Zooplankton Collections from the High Polar Basin with Special Reference to the Copepoda; Ice Drift in the Arctic Ocean; Preliminary Results of Thermal Budget Studies on Arctic Pack Ice During Summer and Autumn; The Trachymedusa, Botrynema Ellinorae, an Indicator Plankton of Arctic Water; Primary Production in the Central North Polar Sea; Drifting Station Alpha, 1957-1958; The Ice Floes of Station Alpha.
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The Arctic Ocean is an important object of investigation in the global ATOC program because of its crucial role in the heat balance of the Northern Hemisphere. Although the temporal and spatial variability of the sound speed in the Arctic Ocean is relatively weak, the Arctic ice cover essentially complicates modeling of the acoustic response to climate change. Moreover, the influence of the strongly varying ice cover causes additional difficulties in interpretation of the results of acoustic ocean thermometry for several reasons: (1) the extremely strong influence of ice distribution on the ocean–atmosphere heat exchange, (2) the long-term variation of the ice cover, and (3) the specific response of the surface water sound speed to heating of an ice-covered sea (a heat input should decrease the sound speed under melting ice). Under-ice winter convection can also create specific kinds of inhomogeneities of the Arctic Ocean (chimneys, plumes of dense water, etc.). Additional serious difficulties arise because of strong dependency of Arctic climate on the heat inflow of both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This changeable inflow can cause long-term variations of the Arctic Ocean. It seems worthwhile to begin the Arctic ATOC with the installation of acoustic tracks across the Fram Strait.
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Arctic dipole anomaly
Iceberg
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Abstract. In this paper we studied the impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean's memory by using numerical simulations. We found that the changes in halosteric height induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates regionally even years after the wind perturbations. Changes in the Arctic liquid freshwater content and thus in halosteric height can cause changes in the sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents, which further enforce a lasting and strong impact on sea ice. The changes in both sea surface height gradient force (due to changes in sea surface height) and ice–ocean stress (due to changes in surface geostrophic currents) are found to be important in determining the overall ocean effects. The revealed ocean effects are mainly associated with changes in sea ice dynamics, not thermodynamics. Depending on the preceding atmospheric mode driving the ocean, the ocean's memory of the wind forcing can lead to changes in Arctic sea ice characteristics with very different spatial patterns. We obtained these spatial patterns associated with Arctic Oscillation, Arctic Dipole Anomaly and Beaufort High modes through dedicated numerical simulations. The dynamical impact of the ocean has strong seasonal variations, stronger in summer and weaker in winter and spring. This implies that declining trends of Arctic sea ice will very possibly allow a stronger ocean impact on the sea ice in a warming climate.
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Sea ice concentration
Arctic dipole anomaly
Fast ice
Arctic oscillation
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Abstract Arctic sea ice has been retreating at fast pace over the last decades, with potential impacts on the weather and climate at mid and high latitudes, as well as the biosphere and society. The current sea-ice loss is driven by both atmospheric and oceanic processes. One of these key processes, the influence of ocean heat transport on Arctic sea ice, is one of the least understood due to the greater inaccessibility of the ocean compared to the atmosphere. Recent observational and modeling studies show that the poleward Atlantic and Pacific Ocean heat transports can have a strong influence on Arctic sea ice. In turn, the changing sea ice may also affect ocean heat transport, but this effect has been less investigated so far. In this review, we provide a synthesis of the main studies that have analyzed the interactions between ocean heat transport and Arctic sea ice, focusing on the most recent analyses. We make use of observations and model results, as they are both complementary, in order to better understand these interactions. We show that our understanding in sea ice - ocean heat transport relationships has improved during recent years. The Barents Sea is the Arctic region where the influence of ocean heat transport on sea ice has been the largest in the past years, explaining the large number of studies focusing on this specific region. The Pacific Ocean heat transport also constitutes a key driver in the recent Arctic sea-ice changes, thus its contribution needs to be taken into account. Although under-studied, the impact of sea-ice changes on ocean heat transport, via changes in ocean temperature and circulation, is also important to consider. Further analyses are needed to improve our understanding of these relationships using observations and climate models.
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Arctic dipole anomaly
Lead (geology)
Sea ice concentration
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Abstract. In this paper we studied the impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean's memory by using numerical simulations. We found that the changes in halosteric height induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates regionally even years after the wind perturbations. Changes in the Arctic liquid freshwater content and thus in halosteric height can cause changes in the sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents, which further enforce a lasting and strong impact on sea ice. The changes in both sea surface height gradient force (due to changes in sea surface height) and iceâocean stress (due to changes in surface geostrophic currents) are found to be important in determining the overall ocean effects. The revealed ocean effects are mainly associated with changes in sea ice dynamics, not thermodynamics. Depending on the preceding atmospheric mode driving the ocean, the ocean's memory of the wind forcing can lead to changes in Arctic sea ice characteristics with very different spatial patterns. We obtained these spatial patterns associated with Arctic Oscillation, Arctic Dipole Anomaly and Beaufort High modes through dedicated numerical simulations. The dynamical impact of the ocean has strong seasonal variations, stronger in summer and weaker in winter and spring. This implies that declining trends of Arctic sea ice will very possibly allow a stronger ocean impact on the sea ice in a warming climate.
Arctic geoengineering
Arctic dipole anomaly
Arctic oscillation
Sea ice concentration
Geostrophic current
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Abstract. In this paper we studied the impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean's memory by using numerical simulations. We found that the changes in halosteric height induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates regionally even years after the wind perturbations. Changes in the Arctic liquid freshwater content and thus in halosteric height can cause changes in the sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents, which further enforce a lasting and strong impact on sea ice. The changes in both sea surface height gradient force (due to changes in sea surface height) and iceâocean stress (due to changes in surface geostrophic currents) are found to be important in determining the overall ocean effects. The revealed ocean effects are mainly associated with changes in sea ice dynamics, not thermodynamics. Depending on the preceding atmospheric mode driving the ocean, the ocean's memory of the wind forcing can lead to changes in Arctic sea ice characteristics with very different spatial patterns. We obtained these spatial patterns associated with Arctic Oscillation, Arctic Dipole Anomaly and Beaufort High modes through dedicated numerical simulations. The dynamical impact of the ocean has strong seasonal variations, stronger in summer and weaker in winter and spring. This implies that declining trends of Arctic sea ice will very possibly allow a stronger ocean impact on the sea ice in a warming climate.
Arctic geoengineering
Arctic oscillation
Arctic dipole anomaly
Sea ice concentration
Geostrophic current
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Arctic geoengineering
Arctic dipole anomaly
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Abstract. In this paper we studied the impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean's memory by using numerical simulations. We found that the changes in halosteric height induced by wind perturbations can significantly affect the Arctic sea ice drift, thickness, concentration and deformation rates regionally even years after the wind perturbations. Changes in the Arctic liquid freshwater content and thus in halosteric height can cause changes in the sea surface height and surface geostrophic currents, which further enforce a lasting and strong impact on sea ice. The changes in both sea surface height gradient force (due to changes in sea surface height) and iceâocean stress (due to changes in surface geostrophic currents) are found to be important in determining the overall ocean effects. The revealed ocean effects are mainly associated with changes in sea ice dynamics, not thermodynamics. Depending on the preceding atmospheric mode driving the ocean, the ocean's memory of the wind forcing can lead to changes in Arctic sea ice characteristics with very different spatial patterns. We obtained these spatial patterns associated with Arctic Oscillation, Arctic Dipole Anomaly and Beaufort High modes through dedicated numerical simulations. The dynamical impact of the ocean has strong seasonal variations, stronger in summer and weaker in winter and spring. This implies that declining trends of Arctic sea ice will very possibly allow a stronger ocean impact on the sea ice in a warming climate.
Arctic geoengineering
Sea ice concentration
Arctic oscillation
Arctic dipole anomaly
Geostrophic current
Wind Stress
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