Estudios Geofísicos para la detección de agua subterránea en el municipio de Jalcomulco, Veracruz, México
Julio César González HernándezJosé Serrano-OrtizKatrin SieronJesús Ortigoza-GonzálezBlake WeisslingFrancisco Córdoba MontielRafael Torres Orozco
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Abstract:
A partir de la interpretación de propiedades físicas medidas en el subsuelo por medio de diferentes técnicas geofísicas, podemos localizar y delimitar la distribución de los diferentes cuerpos de agua subterráneos, el espesor y distribución de los estratos, el tipo de roca, además de estructuras geológicas como diaclasas, fallas o pliegues. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de los datos adquiridos durante la aplicación de estudios de tomografía de resistividad eléctrica y sísmica de refracción, así como del levantamiento geológico de la zona de estudio, realizados en el municipio de Jalcomulco, estado de Veracruz. Después de la interpretación y constricción de los diferentes métodos, se llegó a la conclusión de que existe la presencia de un volumen de agua libre de contaminación a los 16 metros de profundidad. Además, se identifican al menos tres estratos con características geofísicas distintas, correspondientes a la capa de suelo reciente, depósitos fluviales y de lahares. Esta información puede ser de utilidad para futuros proyectos de excavación de pozos. Geophysical studies for the detection of groundwater in the municipality of Jalcomulco, Veracruz, Mexico Abstract From the interpretation of physical properties, measured in the subsoil by means of different geophysical techniques, we can locate and delimit the distribution of the different underground water bodies, the thickness and distribution of the strata, the type of rock, as well as structures geological features such as joints, faults or folds. This paper presents the results of the data acquired during the application of tomography studies of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction, as well as the geological survey of the study area, carried out in the municipality of Jalcomulco, state of Veracruz. After the interpretation and constraint of the different methods, it was concluded that there is the presence of a volume of water free of contamination at a depth of 16 meters. In addition, at least three strata with different geophysical characteristics are identified, corresponding to the recent soil layer, fluvial and lahar deposits. This information may be useful for future well drilling projects.Accretionary wedge
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Fluvial fans represent one of the dominant sedimentary systems at the active margins of non-marine foreland basins. The Puig-reig anticline at the north-eastern margin of the Ebro Foreland Basin (SE Pyrenees, Spain) exposes continuous outcrops of Late Eocene-Early Oligocene fluvial deposits, from proximal to medial fluvial fan environments. The proximal deposits are found in the north limb of the anticline, especially in the northwest zone. These deposits are characterised by conglomerates with minor interbedded sandstones, with thick and wide sheet-like geometries with unscoured or variably scoured basal surfaces. These are interpreted to be the deposits of unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams. The medial deposits, covering the rest of the anticline, consist of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and claystones. These are interpreted to have been deposited from braided to meandering channel streams and overbank areas. Distal deposits are found towards the south, beyond the anticline, and are characterised by sandstone and clay deposits of terminal lobes and lacustrine deltas. This study assesses the impact of the primary depositional characteristics, diagenesis and deformation of the most heterolithic portion of the system, with implications for increasing our understanding of folded fluvial reservoirs. Diagenetic processes, mainly mechanical compaction and calcite cementation, resulted in overall low intergranular porosity, with limited relatively high porosity developed in sandstone lithofacies in the medial deposits. Deformation associated with thrusting and fold growth resulted in the formation of abundant fractures, with relatively high fracture intensities observed in sandstone lithofacies in the anticline crest. This study shows that post-depositional processes can both improve and diminish the reservoir potential of basin proximal fluvial deposits, through the development of fracture networks and by compaction-cementation. The comparison of the Puig-reig anticline with other similar settings worldwide indicates that foreland basin margin locations may be potential areas for effective reservoirs, even in the case of low intergranular porosity.
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Pennsylvanian foreland deformation associated with the Ouachita orogene reactivated a west-northwest-east-southeast Cambrian basement trend, the southern Oklahoma aulacogen, to form the Wichita uplift, southwest Oklahoma. The 30-km-wide subsurface Frontal fault zone separates the uplift from the Anadarko basin to the north. Horizontal shortening across this fault zone is estimated at 7-15 km (20-40%), vertical displacement totals 9-10 km from the uplift to the basin. Folds are mapped on an interformational scale within the Frontal fault zone, and on an intraformational scale (Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle Group) in the Slick Hills, southwest Oklahoma. Additional shortening occurred along southwest dipping mountain flank thrusts and on bedding plane thrusts, respectively. Hanging wall blocks of major faults contain the shallow dipping limb and anticlinal hinge zone of the interformational scale folds. Oil and gas production is generally restricted to these anticlinal crests within Paleozoic rocks. Deep wells (> 6000 m) that have penetrated footwall imbricates of the mountain flank thrusts have drilled through steep-overturned beds and tight recumbent folds before passing through faults into a normal stratigraphic sequence. Basement thrust loading of the southern margin of the Anadarko basin controlled the trend (west-northwest-east-southeast) of the axis of maximum deposition within the basin during the Pennsylvanian.
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