Erratum to: “Criteria for the detection of hydrothermal ecosystem faunas in ores of massive sulfide deposits in the Urals”
В. В. МасленниковN. R. AyupovaС. П. МасленниковаAlla Yu LeinАлександр Сергеевич ЦелуйкоL DanyushevskyRoss R. LargeV. A. Simonov
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Breccia
Marcasite
Bornite
Čumavići is a medium– to low–temperature hydrothermal Sb–Zn–Pb–Ag polymetallic vein–type ore deposit in the Srebrenica orefield, part of the Podrinje Metallogenic District, Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ore deposit occurs in the form of simple and complex veins along faults and fractures, as well as stockworks and disseminations hosted within Neogene volcanic rocks (pyroclastics and andesite lavas of calc–alkaline affinity). The deposit comprises sulfides (sphalerite, galena, stibnite, pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, gudmundite, safflorite, löllingite, gersdorffite and acanthite), sulfosalts (berthierite, geocronite, boulangerite, semseyite, plagionite, jamesonite, bournonite, twinnite, andorite, fizéliyte, Ag–bearing tetrahedrite, stephanite, polybasite, pyrargyrite and argyrodite), native gold and silver, tungstates (hübnerite), oxides, and gangue quartz, chalcedony, Mn–siderite, anglesite, smithsonite, fluorite, gypsum and ludlamite. Three generations of sphalerite are recognized in the Čumavići deposit, evolving from Fe–rich to Fe–poor. The most common are yellowish to colorless Fe–poor varieties. Electron Probe Microanalyses of sphalerite free of micro–inclusions of galena and Pb–Sb-sulfosalts revealed wide compositional variations in minor- and trace–element contents (e.g., Fe, Cd, Mn, Cu, Sn, As, and In). Of particular interest are the lead and antimony content of sphalerite, which vary from 0.10 to 3.08, and 0.02 to 1.62 wt.%, respectively. Lead– and Pb–Sb-rich zones are the most common in sphalerite, while individual Sb–bearing zones are rare. These zones have fan–like forms with circular to wave-like, micron–scale bands, filled with galena or Pb–Sb sulfosalts. In the Pb–Sb zones, the Sb/Pb atomic ratio ranges between 0.3 and 1.5, similar to ratios between geocronite and jamesonite, thus suggesting the presence of micro– to nano–scale inclusion of sulfosalts within the sphalerite. The mean composition of all sphalerite samples is (Zn0.78–0.99,Fe< 0.01–0.21,Cu0.00–0.02,Pb< 0.01–0.01,Cd< 0.01–0.01,Sb< 0.01–0.01,Mn< 0.01–0.01)∑ 0.97–1.03S0.97–1.08 (Sn and As atomic proportions are < 0.01 apfu). In all sphalerite samples, excellent negative correlations have been determined between Fe and Zn, and ∑(Fe + Sb) and Zn. The studied mineralization shares many mineralogical and geological characteristics in common to polymetallic Sn–Ag–Sb deposits in Bolivia and elsewhere.
Arsenopyrite
Tetrahedrite
Marcasite
Stibnite
Cassiterite
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X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze 38 sphalerite samples for FeS and 27 pyrrhotite samples for Fe. The samples were selected from throughout the massive sulfides of the Quemont ore zones [Noranda, Quebec]. The data indicate the average temperature of formation of the sphalerite was 540 degrees C. with a standard deviation of + or -72 degrees C. The average temperature of formation of the pyrrhotite was 325 degrees C, with a standard deviation of + or -47 degrees C. This discrepancy is explained on the basis of the ore having formed from a sulfide melt with an original sphalerite-pyrrhotite equilibrium at around 540 degrees C., then subsequently the pyrrhotite phase has undergone readjustment in the solid state to form a more Fe-rich pyrrhotite plus pyrite. This readjustment was completed at around 325 degrees C.
Troilite
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The transformation of pyrrhotite to Fe disulfide (pyrite and/or marcasite) under hydrothermal conditions was studied experimentally by probing the effects of temperature (up to 220 °C, vaporsaturated pressures), ΣS(-II) concentrations, pH, and availability of oxygen on reaction progress and on the resulting textures.
Marcasite
Greigite
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Marcasite
Arsenopyrite
Sulfide Minerals
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The Manus back arc basin is well known for hosting submarine hydrothermal deposits of Vienna Wood, Pacmanus, Onsen site and Solwara 1-12. The Vienna Wood located in the Central Manus basin is a typical Cu-Zn type of mineralization hosted by mid-oceanic ridge basalt and consists predominantly of sphalerite, wurtzite, chalcopyrite and gangue minerals of anhydrite, gypsum and silica. In contrast, the Pacmanus hydrothermal deposit in the eastern part of the Manus basin is hosted by rocks ranging from basalt to dacite and rhyodacite. The mineralization is of the polymetallic Zn-Cu-Pb-Au type consists of ore minerals of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, bornite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, enargite, tennantite, galena, Pb-As-Sulphosalt, gold, covellite, digenite, chalcocite and gangue minerals of barite, amorphous silica, anhydrite and gypsum. The chemical composition of sphalerite, galena, gold and tennantite-tetrahedrite indicate high concentrations of Lead, Arsenic, Silver, Iron, Copper and Antimony compared to their stoichiometric composition. The Onsen site in the Eastern Manus Basin is the first deep sea acid sulfate type of mineralisation and consist of enargite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite and gangue minerals of pyrophyllite, alunite, quartz, cristoballite, amorphous silica and native sulfur. The PNG Government has granted exploration and mining licenses to Nautilus Mineral for commercial exploitation of these deposits and Solwara 1 deposit in the Eastern Manus Basin. Nautilus minerals has done extensive exploration and reports indicated and inferred a mineral resource of 1030 kt and 1540 kt respectively for their Solwara 1 project east of Pacmanus site at a 2.6% Cu equivalent cut off grade. Whether this mineral resource is sufficient to deliver PNG first deep sea mining or not will depend on the success of the trial mining method that is currently being developed. Studies done on nearby Pacmanus and Onsen submarine hydrothermal deposits indicate that the deposits contain a much higher proposition of deleterious elements such As, Pb and Sb. Nautilus did not disclose the full mineralogy and assay results of the Solwara 1 and 2 projects to the public domain apart from Cu, Au, Ag and Zn. Nautilus did not suggest how it will address toxic and heavy metals that are associated with the ore concentrate in its Environmental Impact Studies.
Bornite
Marcasite
Covellite
Hypogene
Chalcocite
Tetrahedrite
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Sulfide Minerals
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The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists Petrologists and Economic Geologists (1984)
The stratabound-type sulfide deposits in Japan are divided into two types; the Besshi-type deposit and the Kuroko-type deposit, on the basis of their geological and mineralogical aspects and isotopic characteristics. The “Kuroko” deposit is a polymetallic sulfide-sulfate deposit genetically related to submarine calc-alkaline acid volcanic activity of Neogene Tertiary. All of the Kuroko deposits occur in the so-called Green Tuff region. The nature of deposits changes downward from the stratiform deposit to the disseminated and/or the stockwork deposits. Meanwhile, the Kuroko deposit can be generally divided into the following four zones according to the mineral assemblage of ores; Quartz-hematite zone, Kuroko (black ore) zone, Ôko (yellow ore) zone, and Keiko (siliceous ore) zone in stratigraphically descending order. The main hypogene minerals constituting the sulfide ore are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, minerals of tetrahedrite group, marcasite, bornite in decreasing order with quartz and barite as gangue minerals. Gypsum-anhydrite ores are well developed in the Kuroko deposit closely associated with sulfide ores. Besshi-type deposit, that is to say, the bedded cupriferous iron-sulfide deposit, is well known in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, and the deposits of allied type occur in the non-metamorphic Palaeozoic terrains and in the Shimanto belt. Besshi-type deposit is usually associated with submarine basic volcanic materials, and are modified by later metamorphism and deformation. The ore minerals consist chiefly of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and of less amount of bornite. A negligible amount of galena is one of the most significant features of ore. Magnetite or hematite layers occassionally interbedded in the cupriferous pyrite layers, are worthy of notice of the connection with the fugacities of S2 and O2 during ore deposition. Taro deposit, Kuroko-type deposit of the early Cretaceous age, occurs in the Taro belt of northeast Japan, being genetically related to submarine calcalkaline acid volcanic activity. The sulfide minerals consist chiefly of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Barite is rather less in amount than that in the Neogene Kuroko deposit. Small lenticular masses consisting of gypsum and calcite is poorly deleloped below the stratiform sulfide deposit. The ore deposit is comparatively monotonous in mineral assemblages, and variety of minerals is far less than that in the Kuroko deposit. However, alabandite occurring in the hanging wall side is noteworthy for studing the physico-chemical condition of ore deposition. In this paper, all of the minerals from the above-mentioned deposits are listed up, and some of them are described about their chemical compositions, and also mineral assemblages, in order to offer useful information on the investigation of physico-chemical environments of ore formation. Moreover, the texture and structure of ores from the deposits are briefly summarized.
Bornite
Stockwork
Marcasite
Sulfide Minerals
Gangue
Ore genesis
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Bornite
Marcasite
Chimney (locomotive)
Anhydrite
Covellite
Muscovite
Sulfide Minerals
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