The Atlantean Continent: its Bearing upon the Great Ice Age and the Distribution of Species
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Recently some of palynologist, ecologist and also climatologist have suggested that in Japanese islands it was dry in the Last Glacial Age and wet in late- and post-Glacial Ages. This climatic change was considered to have been mainly brought by the turning into heavy snow. In this paper the author investigated this hypothesis from the viewpoint of climatic geomorphology. He examined especially the age and environments of the formation of fossil periglacial slopes, nivation hollows and mountain oligotrophic bogs. Results are summarized as follows:1. On high mountains in central Japan, except the northernmost part of the Northern Japan Alps there are developed wide fossil periglacial slopes which are covered with coarse blocks and vegetation. They are thought to have been formed in the Last Glacial Age under the cold climatic conditions. If it was snowy in Glacial Age, the formation of these slopes might have been impossible. So it is considered that there was little snow in the Last Glacial Age except the northernmost part of the Northern Japan Alps.2. In the snowy high mountains of the Japan Sea side, there are many nivation hollows. They are divided into two types. One, wide and shallow type and the other; narrow and deep type. Though the latter is now being formed, the former is fossil type and the latter is situated in the former. From this fact the author guessed the change of snowfall from little to heavy. Perhaps during the Last Glacial Age it snowed little, but under the cold climatic conditions shallow and wide nivation hollows were formed. However, since late Glacial Age it became warmer and warmer, and snow melting was accelerated. So nivation hollows became fossil. But on account of increasing snowfall, deep snow banks were born on a part of fossil nivation hollows. Such parts were thought to have been developed into new nivation hollows. This estimation supports the above-mentioned hypothesis.3. To know the age of the beginning of heavy snowfall, the author examined the age of the beginning of deposition of peat in mountain oligotrophic bogs which were located around the present nivation hollows. The ages center in 12, 000-7, 000y.B.P. and 4, 100-3, 300y.B.P., Peats of the latter age are thought to have been deposited owing to the delay of snow melting caused by the little lowering of temperature. But peats of the former age are thought to have been born on account of heavy snowfall. Perhaps in the mountainous region of the Japan Sea side snowfall increased since 12, 000y.B.P. and became as present in about 7, 000y.B.P., 4. On Mt. Kisokomagatake in the Central Japan Alps, there exist small nivation hollows which were born on fossil periglacial slopes. This means possibility of increasing of snowfall on the high mountains of Pacific Ocean side in Holocene.
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This paper presents and tests a model of house price speculation. The mechanisms by which price speculation may occur in the housing market are described and formalised. A model of house prices is constructed that allows for speculation. Aspects of this model are tested using time-series data for the UK and the Greater London area (1969-95). Overall, the analysis presents some evidence of the process of speculation as a possible determinant of house prices in the London and UK-wide housing markets.
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During the past hundred years, mountain glaciers throughout the world have retreated significantly from moraines built during the previous several centuries. In the 1930s, Francois Matthes of the U.S. Geological Survey concluded that the moraines represent the greatest advances of glaciers since the end of the last glacial age, some 10,000 years earlier, and informally referred to this late Holocene interval of expanded ice cover as the Little Ice Age.
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Margin (machine learning)
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Changes in areas of glaciers in three South-East Siberian mountainous regions (East Sayan, Baikalsky and Kodar ridges) had been analyzed for the period since end of Little Ice Age (LIA) to the present time (about 160 years). It was determined that since the end of LIA area of these glaciers reduced, on the aver- age, by 59% (or 0.37% per a year), and their termini retreated by 550 m (3.5 m/year). At the second half of 20 th century deglaciation in mountains of South- Eastern Siberia proceeded more intensive than in other Siberian regions.
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