Distinguishing the Miocene Kiel and Antwerpen Members (Berchem Formation) and their characteristic horizons using cone penetration tests in Antwerp (northern Belgium)
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Abstract:
The glauconitic sands in the upper part of the lower‐middle Miocene Berchem Formation are subdivided into the Kiel and Antwerpen Members. Although lithological differences between both members are well known from temporary outcrops in the Antwerp city area, they are difficult to distinguish in boreholes, which hinders regional mapping of these units. In this study, we investigate whether both members can be distinguished on cone penetration tests (CPTs). For this purpose, we correlated multiple outcrops—in which the Kiel and/or Antwerpen Members have been identified—with nearby CPTs. On the CPTs, the boundary between the Kiel and Antwerpen Members is clearly identifiable as it coincides with an abrupt upwards decrease in cone resistance ( q c ). The lower q c of the basal part of the Antwerpen Member is probably related to the finer grain size with more clayey admixture compared to the underlying Kiel Member. This change to a finer grain size is caused by a decrease in depositional energy and sedimentation rates as the region was transgressed during the eustatic sea‐level rise at the start of the Mid‐Miocene Climatic Optimum. On the CPTs, several spikes in q c values were observed within the Antwerpen and Kiel Members. These spikes could be correlated to shell beds, three horizons with sandstones and possibly a hardground. The sandstones appear to be discontinuous, whereas some of the shell beds could be traced across the entire study area. Most shell beds probably represent storm deposits within an otherwise relatively low energetic sedimentary environment. A phosphatic shell bed above the base of the Antwerpen Member is interpreted as the maximum flooding surface, lying in a zone with the lowest q c values for the Antwerpen Member, which might reflect maximum fining. The shell beds and interlayered sands of the Antwerpen Member thin in a southern direction, indicating reduced accommodation space in this direction.Keywords:
Outcrop
There is great difference in the sedimentary environment and depositional system of different formations of the Silurian in Tarim Basin.By combining the detailed observation and description of the cores with logging data,regional geological data and various laboratory analysis identification data,based on the analyses of the lithology and sedimentary structure,the sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary facies of Kepingtage Formation are thoroughly studied.It is held that deltaic,estuary and tidal flat depositional systems are mainly developed in Kepingtage Formation.Based on the study of the depositional systems,the corresponding sedimentary mode diagrams are established.
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All the units of waterlain, sorted gravel and sand repeatedly show suites of sedimentary structures that indicate deposition under broadly similar fluviatile conditions throughout the area. It is therefore possible, in general terms, to discuss the sedimentary sequences of deposits together.
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Outcrop of the Ladrilleros-Juanchaco Sedimentary Sequence (LJSS) in the Pacific Coast of Colombia. Sandstone and mudstone intercalated strata gently dipping to the south. The ground is covered by sand due to coastal dynamics. Photograph taken from a topographic high on top of the LJSS looking to the southeast.
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Sequence (biology)
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Based on analyses of more than 600 surfacesediment samples together with large amounts of previoussedimentologic and hydrologic data, the characteristics ofmodern sedimentary environments and dynamic deposi-tional systems in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) are ex-pounded, and the controversial formation mechanism ofmuddy sediments is also discussed. The southern Yellow Seashelf can be divided into low-energy sedimentary environ-ment and high-energy sedimentary environment; the low-energy sedimentary environment can he further divided intocyclonic and antieyclonic ones, and the high-energy envi-ronment is subdivided into high-energy depositional anderoded environments. In the shelf low-energy environments,there developed muddy depositional system. In the centralpart of the southern Yellow Sea, there deposited the coldeddy sediments under the actions of a meso-scale cycloniceddy (cold eddy), and in the southeast of the southern YellowSea, an anticyclonic eddy muddy depositional system (warmeddy sediment) was formed. These two types of sedimentsshowed evident differences in grain size, sedimentation rate,sediment thickness and mineralogical characteristics. Thehigh-energy environments were covered with sandy sedi-ments on seabed; they appeared mainly in the west, southand northeast of the southern Yellow Sea. In the high-energyeroded environment, large amounts of sandstone gravelswere distributed on seabed. In the high-energy depositionalenvironment, the originally deposited fine materials (includ-ing clay and fine silt) were gradually re-suspended and thentransported to a low-energy area to deposit again. In thispaper, the sedimentation model of cyclonic and anticyclonictypes of muddy sediments is established, and a systematicinterpretation for the formation cause of muddy depositionalsystems in the southern Yellow Sea is given.
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In onshore East Sabah, Malaysia, deepwater outcrops can be tied to offshore subsurface deepwater deposits just few tens of miles to the north. This will provide a unique opportunity to obtain a better picture of depositional processes that controlled the distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir sands, as well as seal and source rock distribution, and possible migration fairways in the subsurface. Some previous investigations on the basin-floor fan complex of the Crocker Formation provided insight into the depositional nature and sedimentary characteristics of these deposits. However, the present study is intended to provide an integrated approach of studying the deepwater deposits of Northwest Sabah and tie it to subsurface data in order to get a clearer picture of the depositional systems within a sequence stratigraphic framework and to unravel the paleogeographic and chronostratigraphic history of these deposits. The large areal and vertical extents of these deposits is expected to give the chance to better understand the depositional history and, in turn, help create a relatively accurate lead and prospect inventory in the subsurface by providing an analog from surface data. This would be possible by analyzing and interpreting available well logs, cores, and seismic data and integrating them with detailed outcrop sedimentological and biostratigraphic interpretations using a sequence stratigraphic approach.
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Hydrocarbon exploration
Sequence Stratigraphy
Sequence (biology)
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Panda Valley consists of a thick pile of sediments in which there are three distinct Porcellanite horizons, Lower Porcellanite (LP), Middle Porcellanite (MP) and Upper Porcellanite (UP), with abundant sedimentary structures. The principle types of sedimentary structures noted in the Porcellanite Formation are discussed and an attempt has been made to interpret its depositional environment. The sedimentary structures are suggestive of deposition of sediments in low to moderately high energy, shallow to moderately deep waters in moderately stable tectonic environment.
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