Supplementary material to "Three-in-one: GPS-IR measurements of ground surface elevation changes, soil moisture, and snow depth at a permafrost site in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau"
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Elevation (ballistics)
The Qinghai-Xizang plateau have been attracting more and more interest from different parts of the world, because of the particular geographic location, huge horizontal scale, vertical elevation and its great effects on the global climate change. However, up to now, there have not been an accurately calculation and systematic analysis of the eleva- tion of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Surface and its distribution. Based on the SRTM3-DEM data and the technique of spatial analysis in GIS, the elevation of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Surface and its distribution are calculated and ana- lyzed. It suggests that the main part of the Plateau Surface distributes in the range of 4400 - 5300 m.a.s.l and with a cen- ter elevation of 4950 m.a.s.l. And it is concluded that the grid unit of 13 × 13 (1.37 km 2 ) is the optimum statistical unit for calculating the relief amplitude in Tibet Plateau by using SRTM3-DEM.
Elevation (ballistics)
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Studying of the permafrost region in Tibetan plateau,this article conclude the regularity of Plateau permafrost areas' distribution and change for years.The lower bound of permafrost decrease as the latitude increase.The permafrost decrease 80-100m averagly and the mean geotemperature increase 0.9-1℃ as the latitude increase 1℃ averagly.The regularity that the thickness of permafrost increase as the altitude increase is also obvious.The thickness increase 15-20m as the altitude increase 100m,the thickness can even be 128.1m in exposure.The article also divide the types of frozen hazards of years' permafrost,classify the common and typical hazard,also propose the method and recommendation of prevention.
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Technology measures and engineering techniques for the bridge works in the high and cold regions of the Tibetan Plateau are presented in this paper,which are based on practice and theoretical analyses,analyzing various kinds of circumstances of the plateau,such as high altitude,oxygen lacking,very low temperature and complicated climate,and considering the particularity and complexity of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway.In permafrost regions of the plateau,the bridge works will change the temperature field,stress field in permafrost and the exchanges of water and heat within permafrost.So,to select a reasonable work season and construction method,and to adopt some compulsory engineering techniques are necessary for reducing heat disturbance in the permafrost regions.
Bridge (graph theory)
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The climate in the Qinghai Xizang plateau has been becoming warmer since the late 1970's ,that have resulted in a regional permafrost degradation in the plateau.The mean annual ground temperatures rose 0.1～0.5℃,uncoincidently frozen ground and residual thawed layers in the vertical profile have been forming in the fringe,the lower limit of permafrost distribution rose about 40～80 m,and the total area of permafrost has been disminished 10×10 4 km 2.
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