High-resolution of trace elements (Mg, U, Sr, Ba and Zn) in speleothems as Holocene palaeoclimatic proxies: Père Noël cave, Belgium
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Speleothem is now regarded as valuable continents archives of climatic conditions, offering a number of advantages relative to other continental archives such as lake sediments and peat cores. High spatial resolution measurements of Mg, U, Sr, Ba were realized by using Laser-Ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the Belgian Pere Noel stalagmite (Han-sur-Lesse cave). A stalagmite from the Pere Noel cave dated by U/Th method, representing 12000 years previously. Trace element variations in speleothem reflect the hydrochemical conditions. O, δ C (Verheyden et al., 2008) and chemical composition show a similar patterns along the Pere Noel stalagmite. This similarity suggests that trace elements in speleothems have the potential to provide the high resolution insights into palaeoclimatic variability over the Holocene.
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In this study, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios in a Lateglacial to Holocene stalagmite (CC26) from Corchia Cave (central Italy) are compared with stable isotope data to define palaeohydrological changes. For most of the record, the trace element ratios show small absolute variability but similar patterns, which are also consistent with stable isotope variations. Higher trace element-to-calcium values are interpreted as responses to decreasing moisture, inducing changes in the residence time of percolation, producing prior calcite precipitation and/or variations in the hydrological routing. Statistically meaningful levels of covariability were determined using anomalies of Mg/Ca, δ18O and δ13C. Combining these three time series into a single 'palaeomoisture-trend' parameter, we highlight several events of reduced moisture (ca. 8.9–8.4, 6.2, 4.2, 3.1 and 2.0 ka), a humid period between ca. 7.9 and 8.3 ka and other shorter-term wet events at ca. 5.8, 5.3 and 3.7 ka. Most of these events can be correlated with climate changes inferred from other regional studies. For both extremities of the record (i.e. before ca. 12.4 ka and after ca. 0.5 ka) Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca are anti-correlated and show the greatest amplitude of values, a likely explanation for which involves aragonite and/or gypsum precipitation (the latter derived from pyrite oxidation) above the CC26 drip point.
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Radiogenic nuclide
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East Asian Monsoon
Paleoclimatology
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A 9.5 m long, continuous core through Holocene tufa deposits in Derbyshire, UK, was analysed for oxygen and carbon stable isotope variations with a view to palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvir onmental interpretation. The depositional environment of the tufa is well understood and dated using 14 C and biostratigraphy. It is argued that smooth variations of up to 1‰ in δ 18 O of the tufa calcites are caused by changes in the isotopic composition of regional rainfall, which in turn were caused mainly by changes in air temperature (palaeoclimate). In general, lower δ 13 C values for calcite correspond with higher δ 18 O values, suggesting a stronger component of soil-derived carbon during warmer climatic phases. A stable isotope approach to reading terrestrial palaeoclimatic records is of widespread application to Holocene and older tufa deposits which are common in carbonate bedrock regions.
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Radiogenic nuclide
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The reconstruction of the palaeoclimate of the eastern Mediterranean region for the last 60 ka BP is based on theδ 18 O andδ 13 C variations of speleothems from Soreq Cave, Israel. Climatic conditions during most of the time interval between 60 and 17 ka BP (the period equivalent to the last glacial) were relatively cold and dry, while they were warmer and wetter from 17 ka BP to the present. At ~17 ka BP, there was a major climatic change with a sharp increase in annual rainfall and temperature and a very wet period occurring between 8.5 and 7.0 ka BP. During the colder and drier period, large, detritus-free, preferentially oriented calcite crystals were deposited from slow-moving water. As a result of a sharp change in the hydrological regime at ~17 ka BP, fast-moving water started entrainment of the soil and carrying detrital material into the cave, and the calcite crystals deposited became small and anhedral. Coinciding with the petrographic and isotopic changes, a sharp drop occurred in the concentrations of strontium, barium and uranium, and in the ratios 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and ( 234 U/ 238 U) 0 , which reached minimum values during the wettest period. This drop reflects enhanced weathering of the soil dolomite host rock. During colder and drier periods, higher trace-element concentrations and higher isotopic ratios reflect an increase in the contribution of salts derived from exo genic sources (sea spray and aeolian dust), and a reduced contribution of weathering from the host dolo mites.
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Isotopes of strontium
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The concentration of several trace elements (Mg, Ba, Sr, Al, Si and P) has been analyzed in two speleothems, corresponding to MIS-5 and MIS-1 ac cording to U/Th dating, and one recent deposit, experimentally recorded. All them belong to La Paz cave in Ortigosa de Cameros (La Rioja). The analyzed trace element content displays a seasonality that agrees with the speleothem lamination. Trace element concentration is higher in the dark laminae, formed during the fall-winter season. This content is linked to the flushing into the cave of organic matter from soil activity, in fall, when precipitation resumes. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca evolutions point to a decrease of humidity during MIS-5 with respect to MIS-1, whereas at present aridity increases, probably in re lation to an enlarging of the seasonal contrast.
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Seasonality
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High-resolution stalagmite records serve as excellent proxy of investigating past climatic and environmental changes,and multiproxy studies have enormous potential in identifying process controls and fulfilling the potential of speleothems in paleoclimatical and palaeoenvironmental analysis.In this paper,climate change and environmental significance of trace-element ratios from stalagmite XY6(such as Mg/Ca,Sr/Ca,Ba/Ca,Mg/Sr)were discussed by comparing with the stable oxygen and carbon isotopes results of stalagmite XY6 from Xinya Cave in Chongqing.The results showed that the Mg/Ca ratio can be used as a climatic proxy of precipitation,indicating the climate change since 4.5 ka B.P.,and agreed well with the climatic change revealed by oxygen and carbon isotopes records.Notably,the Mg/Ca ratio was sensitive to the event of abrupt decline in precipitation at 4.0 ka B.P.Although the time series of Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios coincides roughly with to the variation of Mg/Ca,they were readily disturbed by many factors such as vegetation and soil microbes,thus are less stable.
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