Refining the sedimentology and geochemistry of the mid-Permian Blaine Formation of the Rebecca K. Bounds core from Greeley County, Kansas
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Abstract:
Red siliciclastics and evaporites of Permian Nippewalla Group in mid-continental US were deposited in western equatorial Pangea. Previous studies of these rocks record Permian air temperatures as high as 73 °C, saline lake waters with a pH as low as ~1, and sedimentology that shows arid conditions. This current study conducts detailed sedimentological observations and geochemical analyses of the Blaine Formation of the Nippewalla Group. The Rebecca K. Bounds core from west-central Kansas is used to interpret the depositional environments and diagenetic history of the Blaine Formation.Keywords:
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Paleoclimatology
Red beds
Between Project Gnome site and the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation's plant site, in central eastern Eddy County, N. Mex., unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age and redbeds of Triassic age attain a thickness of about 700 feet, and rest unconformably on evaporites of late Permian age. The upper Permian evaporites are 3,000 to 3,800 feet thick, and they are divided, in descending order, into the Rustler, Salado, and Castile formations. The Rustler is largely gypsum rock, the Salado is dominantly halite rock, and the Castile contains both anhydrite rock and halite rock. The salt and anhydrite beds of the Salado and Castile are intruded by narrow dikes of alkalic rock along which the evaporites are little altered. The sedimentary rocks have a generally southeastward regional dip, but locally are warped in gentle folds of low amplitude and fairly small lateral dimensions.
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Bedded evaporites and associated red bed siliciclastics record saline lake and groundwater systems from Permo-Triassic Pangea. A major component of these red bed and evaporite systems is bedded gypsum. However, little attention has been paid to the textures of ancient gypsum. Observations of gypsum textures can refine interpretations of depositional environment and diagenetic history. This project describes textures of bedded gypsum from an outcrop of the Triassic Red Peak Formation (Chugwater Group) near Greybull, Wyoming.
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Between Project Gnome site and the International Minerals and Chemical. Corporation's plant site, in central eastern Eddy County, N. Mex., unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age and redbeds of Triassic age attain a thickness of about 700 feet, and rest unconformably on evaporites of late Permian age. The upper Permiau evaporites are 3,000 to 3,800 feet thick, and they are divided, in descending order, into the Rustler, Salado, and Castile formations. The Rustler is largely gypsum rock, the Salado is dominantly halite rock, and the Castile contains both anhydrite rock and halite rock. The salt and anhydrite beds of the Salado and Castile are intruded by narrow dikes of alkalic rock along which the evaporites are little altered. The sedimentary rocks have a generally southeastward regional dip, but locally are warped in gentle folds of low amplitude and fairly small lateral dimensions.
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Abstract Pangea represented an exceptional global paleogeography, characterized by a single supercontinent symmetrically disposed about the equator. This configuration had an extraordinary effect on global paleoclimate. The Permian to Triassic sedimentary section, with its distinct sedimentologic facies, provides important evidence of a unique global monsoonal climate. Historically, paleoclimate inferences have been attributed to red beds, but ferric oxides that color the strata form in early- to late-diagenetic oxidizing Eh-pH conditions that occur in a spectrum of wet to arid climatic settings. Thus the red color of these beds has no particular paleoclimate significance. However the assemblage of sedimentary and biogenic structures and depositional facies in both red beds and non-red beds provide criteria to assess the distribution, amount and frequency of precipitation and, ultimately, paleoclimate. Criteria that reflect the depth of the paleo-water table are keys to interpreting paleoclimate in Pangean marginal-marine and continental red beds. Paleo-water tables may be locally controlled by tectonic setting, drainage, or seasonal precipitation and temperature variations. Features present within geographically and temporally widespread strata provide the best climatic indicators. In playas, lakes, floodplains and tidal flats deep and wide desiccation cracks indicate previously water-saturated sediment, whereas thoroughly dry sediment that is subsequently only partially saturated will produce short, narrow, complex cracks commonly associated with vesicles. Evaporites in groundwater-saturated saline mudflats exhibit vertical decrease in crystal size and possibly changes in mineralogy and may be associated with sedimentary fabrics indicative of thick, efflorescent salt crusts. Evaporites formed in dry soils in arid or monsoonal-dry settings typically show an upward increase or no variation in crystal size and character, may be associated with rhizoliths and show no preference to depositional setting. Wind deflation and extensive eolianites related to restricted vegetation may indicate deep or saline paleo-water tables. Paleosols and pedogenic features such as mottling, nodules and soil fabrics may overprint any subaerially exposed continental or paralic strata and indicate paleo-water table position, fluctuation and degree of saturation. Biogenic structures such as rhizoliths and invertebrate ichnofossils can mark the sediment-water or wet sediment-air interface, or the vadose and phreatic zones. Sedimentary fabrics and biogenic structures are syndepositional features and are independent of rock color imparted by subsequent diagenetic alterations. These criteria, integrated with paleontologic data and compared to predictive climate models, are the basis for interpreting paleoclimate.
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Paleoclimate Indicator and Quantitative Determination of Paleotemperature in the Cretaceous Red Beds
This paper deals with the present situation,prospect and significance of the research for continental Cre-taceous red beds to reconstruction of paleoclimate in the Cretaceous period.Special deposits in the Cretaceous red beds and their significance as paleoclimate indicator as well as possibility and limitations of quantitative reconstruction of paleotemperature by oxygen isotopic method for carbonate rock are discussed.Paleoclimate in the Cretaceous period was characterized by space-time inhomogeneity.A preliminary geographical division is made on the basis of type of the red beds,distribution of the special deposits in combination with paleobiogeographic division.
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ABSTRACT Halite lying above the potash‐rich interval of the Permian Upper Evaporite Group of northeast Yorkshire, England, is intimately associated with fine red clastics in such a way as strongly to suggest that the former originated by nucleation and growth within the latter. It is inferred that this process took place in distal sediments of a mature basin‐margin plain, probably in a belt subject to repeated inundation caused by periodic large‐scale expansions and contractions of an extensive basin‐centre playa. Such an environment is consistent with the generally shallow‐water to continental origin of the underlying Carnallitic Marl and the overlying Permian Upper Marls, and contrasts with the deep‐basin depositional model customarily applied to the Zechstein evaporites.
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The evaporite deposits examined in this study are located in the central part of middle Dalmatia, Croatia.In this region, Upper Permian evaporite sediments were deposited under favourable conditions onto the Variscan basement around the northern margins of Gondwana.These sediments can be subdivided into three members, a lower evaporite unit (an anhydrite member), a middle evaporite unit (a gypsum member), and an upper unit (a clastic member), and are mainly comprised of secondary gypsum that formed via the hydration of precursor anhydrite rocks.The middle evaporite unit comprises beds of gypsum as well as early diagenetic dolomites that contain gypsum sequences, extending up to 60 m maximum thickness, and overlying clastic sequences that themselves are up to 20 m thick.These Upper Permian evaporite sediments contain horizontal, irregular, gypsum lithofacies that exhibit pronounced enterolithic and boudinage structures.The characteristics of these sediments are indicative of deposition in supratidal and sabkha settings (i.e., early diagenetic dolomites and evaporites) within a shallow epicontinental marine environment with highly varied coastlines, bays, and lagoons.The secondary gypsum seen within this Upper Permian middle evaporite unit displays alabastrine and porphyroblastic secondary textures and includes corroded anhydrite relics; associated minerals include muscovite, chlorite, potassium (K)-feldspar, quartz, and amphibole.The Upper Permian evaporite sediments discussed in this study are composed of irregular, locally brecciated secondary gypsum that probably formed as a result of multiple synsedimentary collapse of pre-existing soluble minerals and/or synsedimentary and post-sedimentary tectonics.
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