Sediment calibre : A control on facies models with special reference to deep-sea depositional systems
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Integration of sedimentologic, ichnologic, and stratigraphic studies of cores from “G1” reservoir, Boga Field, part of the Greater Ughelli depobelt, Niger Delta were undertaken to identify the depositional environment and reservoir heterogeneity. Two wells (Boga 51 and 52) were correlated to establish the lateral continuity of the “G1” reservoir sandbody across the field. Standard core description method was used to identify lithofacies and infer the depositional environment based on grain size and sedimentary structure. The result of the study reveals nine (9) lithofacies, grouped into two facies-assemblages (fluvial and barrier bar), were recognized from the Boga Field. The fluvial facies-assemblage, encompassing a variety of depositional environments includes, fluvial channel sand, tidal channel deposits, and upper-overbank. The shoreface facies assemblage includes upper-shoreface, middle-shoreface, lower-shoreface, and shelfal deposits. The Boga Fields’ depositional system displays a wave-dominated depositional models, with local evidence of tidal action. The fluvial sandstones (facies Cbcms), encountered at the base of “G1” Boga 51, are the highest quality reservoirs. In the barrier bar system, the middle- to upper-shoreface sandstones (facies Mcs and Cbmcs) include reservoirs of high to moderate quality. Lower-shoreface sandstones (facies Bfms and Bmh) will contain relatively poor reservoirs because of their finer grain size and the intense and disruptive bioturbation. The study reveals that sedimentology and depositional environment of facies play a significant control on the reservoir quality. It also revealed a heterogeneous and compartmentalized reservoir, displaying a complex pattern in distribution and connectivity of reservoir sandstones at different heterogeneous scales.
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Deep-water sedimentary basins of passive margins are a hot field in petroleum exploration and sedimentology research.Based on the study of Niger Delta basin and Baiyun sag,Pearl River Mouth basin,making use of high-resolution 3-D seismic data,the deepwater gravity flow depositional elements and deep-water depositional systems are discussed and three conclusions are made:(1) Deep-water gravity flow depositional systems in different basins vary in general distribution,however they are all composed of basic depositional elements which are mass transport deposits,submarine channel,and lobe.(2) Due to the differences in gravity flow supply,continental slope topography,equilibrium profile,accommodation,and deposition process,there are significant differences in the deep-water gravity flow depositional systems and their system stack styles in passive margin basins.(3) When the deep-water gravity flow depositional elements are identified and characterized,the main controlling factors should be taken into account for the deepwater gravity flow depositional system.It is unrealistic to accurately summarize and predict the gravity flow depositional system with any single model.
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Sandstone Depositional Environments has proven to be one of AAPG's all-time best sellers, with multiple reprints and extensive use as a university textbook. The volume is specifically designed for the non-sedimentologist, the petroleum geologist, or the field geologist who needs to use sandstone depositional environments in facies reconstruction and environmental interpretations. Prediction of subsurface sandstone trends, diagenetic style, and continuity of reservoir porosity is strongly dependent on an understanding of original depositional environments. The volume consists of twelve chapters, each covering a major environmental setting for sandstone deposition from terrestrial to deep marine (glacial, eolian, alluvial fan, lacustrine, fluvial, deltaic, estuarine, tidal flat, barrier island, continental shelf, continental slope, and submarine fan). For each environment the modern depositional processes are described and compared to subsurface examples, with abundant illustrations and photographs. Different scales and perspectives are reviewed, using aerial photos, maps, seismic, cross sections, outcrops, cores, and thin sections. Each chapter is organized in a manner that it can be used effectively and independently for teaching purposes or as an analog reference for field study and subsurface interpretation.
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This paper discusses the characteristics and distribution of sedimentary facies favorable for petroleum accumulation in Paleogene strata in the Bohai Gulf and its surroundings and their control on petroleum distribution.The sedimentary facies are obviously affected by structure.The understanding of the distribution of the sedimentary bodies is conducive to predicting petroleum distribution and can guide petroleum exploration.The classification of sedimentary systems should be based on a clear concept and various types of facies allow no overlapping.The sedimentary bodies in the Bohai Golf consist of fluvial fan facies,lacustrine delta facies,fan-delta facies,sublacustrine fan facies,non-fan channel turbidite facies,lakeshore-shallow lake beach-bar facies and semi-deep lake-deep lake facies(subfacies).The authors have studied the characteristics of various sedimentary systems and the characteristics of reservoirs of various systems in terms of source-reservoir-sealing.
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Facies models serve as a generalized conceptual framework for classifying and understanding sedimentary environments. Deep-marine facies models range in scale from a single facies of a turbidite bed (first-order models) to an association of different facies representing an entire submarine fan or a basin-fill complex (third-order models). At present, numerous facies models exist for modern and ancient deep-marine systems with distinct depositional components. These models are based on (1) types of channel (e.g., convergent and divergent channel systems, low-sinuosity and high-sinuosity channel patterns), (2) types of lobes (e.g., suprafan lobes, depositional lobes, fanlobes, ponded lobes), (3) tectonic settings (e.g., active-margin and mature passive-margin fans), (4) eustatic sea-level changes (e.g., lowstand submarine fans and highstand nonfan turbidites), (5) sediment sources (e.g., canyon-fed submarine fan and delta-fed submarine ramp), and (6) bottom-current reworking. It is also clear that not all submarine fans are composed of identical distribution of depositional facies in time and space. Therefore, no single facies model can adequately explain all submarine fans. Submarine fans can and do vary in their size, shape, lithofacies distribution, sand-body geometry, and reservoir quality. Because facies models differ significantly from each other in terms of reservoir properties, caution must be exercised in selecting amore » particular facies model for a sandstone reservoir.« less
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From an AAPG Short Course, this publication contains information and figures on sedimentary environments, lithology, physical processes of sedimentation, Lobate (Deltaic) shoreline facies, linear (Barrier) shoreline facies, shelf facies, and deep sea facies, as well as references for additional reading and research.
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