A million year vegetation history and palaeoenvironmental record from the Lake Magadi Basin, Kenya Rift Valley
Veronica MuiruriR. Bernhart OwenTim K. LowensteinRobin W. RenautRob MarchantStephen M. RucinaAndrew S. CohenAlan L. DeinoMark J. SierShangde LuoKennie LeetChristopher J. CampisanoNathan M. RabideauxDaniel M. DeocampoChuan‐Chou ShenAnthony MbuthiaBrant C. DavisWadha AldossariChenyu Wang
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Podocarpus
Cyperaceae
Stadial
Abstract In connection with the centennary of the Geological Society the author describes the outlines of the Quaternary research in Sweden during the last 25 years. Emphasis is laid upon the main topics that have been treated at the Quaternary institutes of the universities and the Geological Survey. These are maps and general surveys, interglacial and interstadial deposits, the glaciation and deglaciation, problems of the refuges, the changes of level, Quaternary stratigraphy and dating methods, human and biological geology, climatic changes, the Quaternary deposits, and ground processes. A list of the most important literature from the period is added.
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Deglaciation
Quaternary science
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Till beds and waterlain sediments from at least 3 stadials and 2 interstadials during the Weichsel glaciation are recorded on Finnmarksvidda. The oldest, possibly Weichselian, ice‐free period recorded on Finnmarksvidda is represented in one river section and is preliminary named the Vuolgamasjåkka thermomer. Its initiation is TL‐dated to about 120 ka, which indicates a pre‐Weichselian, possibly Eemian age. The interstadial which follows the subsequent and assumed oldest Weichsel stadial on Finnmarksvidda, the Eiravarri interstaeial, has previously been tentatively correlated lithostratigtrahically with the Peräpohojola interstadial ( sensu stricto ) in North Finland. The youngest interstadial, the Sargejåk internatiodial , is in this paper suggested to correlate with the Tärändö interstadial in North Sweden. The initial Weichselian ice movement across Finnmarksvidda is so far unknown, but locally N of Kautokeino in the W the initial (recorded) ice movement was directed towards NW‐N. The regional ice movements for the two subsequent stadials on Finnmarksvidda were initially directed towards NE‐ene and NNW, respectively.
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Eemian
Sensu stricto
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Recent C-14 dates establish an age of 11,850+ or -100 B.P. for the Two Creeks forest instead of 11,400 years as previously reported. Thus, the climatic cooling which marked the end of the Two Creeks interstadial occurred prior to 11,850; the Valders ice passed over the Two Creeks site at least 450 years earlier than previously assumed, and a segment of the Sunbeam Prairie bog pollen diagram which had been presumed to date from the Two Creeks interstadial is clearly from the Valders stadial
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Organogenic deposits at Zbojno by Przedborz, western slopes of the Holy Cross Mts, Central Poland, represent a complete climatic cycle including an optimum phase with large amounts of Tlilia pollen both proceeded and succeeded by a cool phase. The sequence represents a warm interstadial (Zbojno Interstadial) within the anaglacial part of the Odranian (Riss I) Glaciation. The Zbojno Interstadial separated the pre-maximum Krzna Stadial from the preceding Liwiec Stadial during which two upper alluvial series had been accumulated in paleovalleys developed at the optimum of the Mazovian (Mindel II/RissI) Interglacial.
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Abstract The article is a somewhat developed report of a lecture given at the Würm Symposium at Kristineberg, October 13, 1973. It gives an account of what is known about the last glacial in the central area of glaciation. Two glacials (Weichsel I and II + III) can be identified in this area. In the southern and western parts of Scandinavia three glacials (Weichsel I, II and III) can be traced. The Weichsel I ice had a southeasterly orientation controlled by the mountain range. The Weichsel II–III ice had a northerly-easterly orientation, independent of the range. The two interjacent interstadials (the Jämtland and Göta Älv Interstadials) have been dated at >40 000 and about 25–35 000 B.P., respectively, in Sweden. In the Jämtland Interstadial almost the whole of Scandinavia was deglaciated, in the Göta Älv Interstadial probably only the West Coast and the southernmost part. These interstadials are correlated with the Brörup Interstadial and mid-Weichsel complex on the Continent. Some aspects of the causes of glaciation and the refugie problem are also given.
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Enrichment dating procedure (GrN‐9394) on a sample from the interstadial site Tåsjö, Ångermanland, Sweden, which is referred to the Jämtland Interstadial, has given the age 54,700±550 B.P. In the northwest European chronology this corresponds to late Odderade.
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Chronology
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Abstract The Weichsel-glaciation is represented by a very complicated stratigraphy in the Dösebacka and Ellesbo drumlins, situated on the western slope of the Göta River Valley. It can be subdivided into six cold-warm stages, which are represented by on one hand till beds and glaciofluvial beds, on the other hand interstadial clay and sand layers and first of all deflation surfaces. The older interstadial is called the Older Dösebacka-Ellesbo-interstadial and it is correlated with the Brorup interstadial in Denmark. A mammoth tusk from Dösebacka has been C14-dated at 36 000 B.P. which however is a minimum age since shellac used for preservation purposes may not have been extracted completely. The younger interstadial is called the Younger Dösebacka-Ellesbo-interstadial and it is correlated with the Hengelo-Denekamp-interstadials in Holland. Organic matter from sand layers at Ellesbo, and clay lamina at Dösebacka, have been C14-dated at 30 300 and 24 020 B.P., respectively. The inland ice during the Weichsel glaciation reached its maximum during the last stadial. Then the land was deeply depressed by at least a hundred metres. During all the Weichsel-stadials the ice moved from the NE. towards the SW.
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Drumlin
Allerød oscillation
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