Mapping the legacy of mountain glaciations
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SUMMARY The Mt Anne massif is characterised by spectacular erosional landforms of glacial origin. Evidence of at least two separate Pleistocene glaciations is preserved in valleys that extend east and south of the massif, and also on nearby Schnells Ridge. There is evidence of a much older glaciation beneath the western slopes of the Mt Anne massif. Dense vegetation in the eastern valleys has inhibited mapping of the Quaternary geology there. These glaciations have influenced postglacial evolution of the landscape, including the advent of prominent karst features and Holocene landslip activity.
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Glacial landform
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Glacial landform
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Terminal moraine
Drumlin
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Glacial landform
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Bedrock
Outwash plain
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The rumqi River originates from the northern slopes of the Kelawucheng Mountains,northern range of the eastern segment of the Tianshan Mountains,China.Glacial erosional and depositional landforms were well-preserved at the headwaters of the rumqi River.These landforms contain considerable information about the changes of the ancient glaciers and indicate that there are multiple Quaternary glaciations in this drainage.With the hard working by many scholars in the past five decades,several conclusions have been drawn: 1) Based on the principle of glaciology and sedimentology,geomorphology and distribution and characteristics of the Quaternary glacial landforms and sediments have been investigated,the glacial and non-glacial sediments have been studied.2) Based on the results of dating,such as traditional 14C,accelerator mass spectrometry 14C,lichenometry,thermoluminescence,electron spin resonance,cosmogenic radionuclide(10Be),and considering the principle of geomorphology and stratigraphy,the Little Ice Age,Neoglaciation,Last Glaciation(MIS 2～4),and glaciations corresponding to MIS 6 and MIS 12 have been confirmed.A typical case of the Quaternary glaciations in China has been established.Reviewing the past and prospecting the future,it is suggested that more studies on the paleoenvironment reconstruction and glacial landforms modeling should be done.The glacial landforms on the southern slopes of the Kelawucheng Mountains should be determined synthetically.Referring the Quaternary glacial revolution in this drainage,the relationship between the glacier development and the tectonic uplift of the Tianshan Mountains should be further study.In addition,it should be emphasized in the future study that the glaciers developed in the eastern,middle and western segments of Tianshan Mountains in synchronicity or not and were there the older glaciations in Tianshan Mountains?
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The research on geomorphological development and palaeo glacier is an important field in geomorphology and quaternary study. Through the detailed field expedition and the analysis of geological and geomorphological profiles, the geomorphological development of the Diancangshan mountain is studied, while the plaeo glaciations of the Luopingshan mountain in Lijiang epoch is probed. The basic conclusions are as follows: 1) The landform of the Diancanghshan mountain is characterized by its multielement, multi-layer and compound features. Its geomorpjological development processes from the mountain top to the foot are: The disintegration process of palaeo plantation surface(3800～4000m); Palaeo glacier and glacier marginal process(3700～3900m); Alluvial action process(2300～3700m);Mixed accumulation process caused by fluvial, debris flow and water flow actions(2100～2300m); Terraces of pediments and lake shore plain action at the mountain foot(1900～2100m). 2) The Diancangshan mountain has developed two-time glaciations which are Dali glacier epoch and Lijiang glacier epoch. They are located at the southernmost limits of the continental glaciers in China.3) Lijiang glacier epoch ever developed on the Luopingshan mountain, which is 800m lower than the Diancangshan mountain, and there a couple of compound mountain glaciers have been found.
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Alluvial fan
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Debris flow
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Mountain shadows in optical satellite images complicate the mapping of glacial lakes. Due to the rugged topography in periglacial alpine regions, many glacial lakes, especially smaller lakes, are partially shaded by mountain shadows in remotely sensed images. Shadows not only reduce the accuracy of lake mapping but also make changes in lake area hard to detect. In this paper, the characteristics of mountain shadows in remotely sensed imagery are explored, and their spatial relationships with regards to glacial lakes are modelled. Building on the previously developed Glacial Lakes Iterative Local Mapping (GLILM) method, a new water mapping approach is presented. The new method utilizes log-transformed spectral data and a normalized difference water index, NDWIblue, for delineating the boundaries of lakes within shadowed regions. The application of this approach is explored within the context of mapping lakes across space and time using Landsat images in the glacially dominated Tianshan mountainous of Central Asia. The results demonstrate that glacial lakes, both in sunlit and in shaded areas, can be mapped reliably, and that the results are useful for lake change analysis studies.
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