Introduction to Desert Landscapes and Landforms of Iran
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Landform
Desert (philosophy)
Water erosion
Complex erosion by wind and water, which is also called aeolian-fluvial interactions, is an important erosion process and landscape in arid and semiarid regions. The effectiveness of links between the wind and water process, spatial environmental transitions and temporal environmental change are the three main driving forces determining the geomorphologic significance of aeolian-fluvial interactions. As a complex interrelating and intercoupling system, complex erosion by wind and water has spatial-temporal variation features. The process of complex erosion by wind and water can be divided into palaeoenvironmental process and contemporary process. Early work in drylands has often been attributed to one of two schools advocating either an aeolianist or a fluvialist perspective, so it was not until the 1930s that the research on complex erosion by wind and water has been conducted. There are several obstacles restricting the research of complex erosion by wind and water. Firstly, how to transform in different temporal and spatial scales is still unsettled; and secondly, the research methodology is still immature. In the future, the mechanism and control of erosion, the complex soil erodibility in wind and water erosion will be the emphasis of research on complex erosion by wind and water.
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By aerial photograph interpretation and field expedition, the sandy land distributing regularity in ancient Yellow River course area at Northern Henan province was analysed and the sub types of aeolian sandy landform have been divided from shape genesis angle. Controlled by the geological structure of rise and depression inter distributing in NNE direction, the types of wind erosion landform exist no difference, while that of wind deposition are various. In the development of aeolian sandy landform, wind and water functions take place alternatively. The scale of aeolian sandy landform development was limited by the bio climatic condition and sand source. The heights of wind doposition landform are no more than 10 m in general.
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Deposition
Aeolian sand
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Water erosion
Dryland salinity
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While natural processes, mainly wind and water erosion, define desert landscapes, human manipulation and use of water play important roles in defining the landscape within desert oases. The role of water in the oases of the Western Desert of Egypt is described, and it is considered how the scarcity of water affects its use. The challenge to the protection of these archetypal landscapes presented by new forms of development is identified.
Desert (philosophy)
Water erosion
Scarcity
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The article presents the results of study of the modern water-erosion processes in the Central Belarus territory. The mechanisms of sheet, gully and river erosion are considered. The areas of development of these processes are established and the parameters of annual erosion drift are calculated. The contribution of each process to the dynamics of the earth's surface relief of the region under study is determined. It is shown that the development of water-erosion processes lead to noticeable negative consequences for environment, disruption (up to destruction) of natural and natural-technogenic objects, and significant economic damage.
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Aeolian landform,mainly distributed in northern China,has important impacts on regional ecological security and socioeconomic development.Although great successes were obtained in aeolian landform research in the past decades,timely monitoring of aeolian landform still need improvement because of its inconstant characteristics.In order to investigate recent situation of sandy deserts in China,an aeolian landform dataset was built by extracting landform information from Landsat 7 ETM imageries which were acquired in 2000.In the present study,we focused on aeolian landform in northern China,which is the main aeolian landform region of China,and analyzed characteristics of different sand dune types quantitatively.The results showed that: 1)Aeolian landform is distributed mainly in eight provinces.They are Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Gansu Province,Shaanxi Province,Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province,among them Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia have the largest area and the richest diversity of aeolian landform.2)As for the sand dune morphology diversity,sandy deserts in arid regions are much richer than in sandy lands of semi-arid regions.Among all landform types,some types are generally distributed in all aeolian regions,while some morphologic types are only limited in specific areas,resulting from actions of specific wind velocity,wind direction,vegetation coverage.3)In consideration of dune activity,floating dunes are prevalent in deserts except the Gurbantuggut Desert and the Ulan Buh Desert which are mainly covered by inactive and semi-fixed dunes.In contrast with deserts,sandy lands are dominant by inactive dunes and semi-fixed dunes.This analysis summarized the recent situation of aeolian landform in northern China,and the dataset is important in aeolian landform periodical monitoring and morphologic evolution research.
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Aeolian sand landform in the Yarlung Zangbo river valley can be divided into 4 classes and 21 types, among them, aeolian deposition form can be further divided into two sub types at valley bottom and at valley slop. The area of whole aeolian sand landform or sandy land in the valley is 1 929.946 km 2. Sand resource ,wind froce and suitable place are the fundamental conditions for aeolian sand landform formation in the valley. In general view, aeolian sand landform distributes along the valley discontinuously. Their development are mainly controlled by wind and water froces alternatively in a year. In different parts of the valley, sand dunes have different patterns, but in small similar geomorphic locations they have similar pattern and combination character.
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Aeolian sand
Deposition
Sand dune stabilization
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NW.-SE. stream alignment in western South Dakota coincides with the prevailing wind direction. This alignment appears to be due to the periodic accumulation of locally derived eolian sediments in drains which are not aligned. Because of this deposition, unaligned drains are not elongated by water erosion as rapidly as those which are aligned. Eolian sediment can be derived locally and deposited when the prairie vegetation is destroyed by fire or weakened by drought.
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Water erosion
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