The Association of Tourmaline With Cassiterite Ores: Implications for the Genesis of the World's Richest Tin Lode
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Cassiterite
Lode
Tourmaline
Wolframite
Greisen
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Tourmaline
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Applied mineralogy deals with the practical applications of mineralogical knowledge, and the chapters in this section illustrate some of the main employment opportunities for mineralogists. Mineralogy is not merely an academic pursuit, but is of considerable economic significance. At one time mineralogy was applied largely to the field of mineral prospecting, but today the range of applications is much broader. Technological mineralogy and mineralogical materials science are growing fields, and developing needs constantly produce new branches of applied mineralogy, many of them making use of sophisticated instrumentation (Chapter 12). Mineralogical expertise is, of course, indispensable in geology and petrology. Other mineralogists work in gemology (see Chapter 31), in mineral extraction technology, in chemical plants, in the cement industry (see Chapter 32), and in ceramics and the manufacturing of refractory materials. Some mineralogists are also engaged in the fabrication of synthetic crystals, paints, enamels, and glazes, while others work in museums or become mineral dealers. Even in medicine there is a need for mineralogists. Environmental mineralogy, dealing with hazardous minerals, has recently become an important new application. An example is the study and remediation of asbestos contamination (see Chapter 33).
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DC, a multi-metal ore field, is an important and well known producer of tin in China. Besides tin, also mined are zinc, lead, antimony, copper, arsenic, tungsten, mercury, silver and many other metals. Most of the deposits in this region occur in Devonian limestones and siliceous shales. The ore deposits in this field are predominated by cassiterite sulphide type. As to the origin of those deposits, they seem closely related to biotite granite. The ore-forming material is mainly derived from magmatic rocks, and part of it may come from the host rocks. The appearance of horizontal zoning of ore deposits in this field is extremely distinct, with LXG biotite granite as the core. Found in the magmatic rocks is molybdenum mineralization. From the biotite granite outwards there displays such an occurring sequence as the following: copper (zinc) skarn ore deposits, scheelite ore deposits, wolframite ore deposits, cassiterite sulphide ore deposits, lead-zinc (antimony) ore deposits and mercury or arsenic ore deposits. In this region the mineralizing-temperature zoning is also distinguishable, basically in agreement with the horizontal zoning of ore deposits. In other words, the formation temperature of ore deposits occurring around the granite is higher than that farther away from the granite. The following mineralization periods and stages can be divided: the first period, including skarn sub-stage, cassiterite-quartz sub-stage, cassiterite-sulphide sub-stage, cassiterite-calcite sub-stage; the second period, including ferrosphalerite (galena)-franckeite sub-stage, jamesonite-boulangerite sub-stage; and the third period, including pyrite-calcite sub-stage. The characters of material composition are as follows: ore minerals are characterized by great variety, perfect crystallinity, large grain-size and abundant sulfosalts. More than 90 species of minerals have been identified. What is more interesting is that lead and antimony in some of the cassiterite-sulfide deposits are derived from jamesonite rather than galena and stibnite, which provides an example rarely encountered in metallic deposits throughout the world.
Cassiterite
Wolframite
Greisen
Arsenopyrite
Ore genesis
Batholith
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About the turn of this century interest in economic geology had reached a high level in North America. The thoughtful paper in 1893 by J. H. L. Vogt, of Norway, on injected igneous deposits derived from an igneous source by the process of magmatic differentiation, which was also advanced to account for hot mineralizing waters, drew attention once more to the earlier ideas of Elie de Beaumont. Then came the classical paper by Franz Posepny on "The Genesis of Ore Deposits" delivered before the American Institute of Mining Engineers in Chicago in 1893. This created a profound impression on American thought and stimulated a heated controversial discussion by S. F. Emmons, Van Hise, J. F. Kemp, Waldemar Lindgren, and W. H. Weed in the years 1901 to 1903, on the respective merits of heated meteoric waters versus hot juvenile waters in the genesis of ore deposits. In 1901 also came the startling new concept of secondary sulfide enrichment proposed by S. F. Emmons, Van Hise and W. H. Weed. These papers and discussions resulted in the Posepny Volume on The Genesis of Ore Deposits sponsored in 1901 by the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Geologists were rocked by the influx of new concepts and ideas bearing on the genesis of ore deposits. A forum was needed where prevailing ideas could be thrashed out and new ones presented. An idea was breeding that was shortly to give rise to another new concept—a journal of economic geology in the English language.
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Cassiterite
Tourmaline
Greisen
Rare-earth element
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About 500 minerals belong to the sulfides and related minerals, and most consist of metal and semimetal sulfides such as pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and sphalerite (ZnS). Sulfides are generally subdivided into three chemical classes: (a) simple sulfides that are salts of HS (e.g., sphalerite, ZnS is the zinc salt of HS); (b) salts of thioacids, which are oxygen-free acids with sulfur playing the role of oxygen (e.g., pyrargyrite, Ag3SbS3 is the silver salt of the sulfoacid H3SbS3), and (c) polysulfuric compounds (persulfides) that can be considered as salts of the polysulfuric acid H2S2, which contains the bivalent S22- molecule (pyrite is an example). The closest analog to sulfides are arsenides and their complex compounds (arsenide–sulfides) such as realgar (FeAs2) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS), with structures similar to that of pyrite.
Arsenopyrite
Sulfide Minerals
Realgar
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"Global Se and Te systematics in hydrothermal pyrite from different ore deposits: a review." Applied Earth Science, 126(2), pp. 70–71
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