Type of mixing confluence between Mahakam and Karang Mumus Rivers based on temperature and salinity distribution tidally
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Abstract Observations of physical oceanographic parameters including temperature and salinity were carried out in Estuary Mahakam and Karang Mumus Rivers, on July 8, 2018, and July 14, 2018, to determine the vertical distribution patterns of temperature and salinity used to identify the type of estuary confluence Mahakam and Karang Mumus Rivers. Observations were conducted at 9 points and 11 points when the neap tide and the spring tide conditions were in the estuary area to enter the Karang Mumus river at the surface, middle and bottom layers. Temperature and salinity parameters were measured using the CTD Minos sensor system equipment. X PDC-B0900 which can simultaneously record profiles of temperature and salinity parameters lowered to the bottom of the water while the point position was determined using GPS. The results of the observation of temperature distribution showed that in the Estuary between Mahakam and the Karang Mumus Rivers did not have a thermocline layer. This was because of the depth of the water under study including shallow water. Salinity distribution was obtained with a relatively homogeneous salinity towards depth water. Homogeneous salinity is an indication of a well-mixed vertical process between seawater and freshwater.Keywords:
Temperature salinity diagrams
In recent years, the rise in water temperature has had an adverse effect on the ecosystem in Lake Biwa. Thus, it is very important to continuously monitor the water temperature. We previously proposed the use of acoustic tomography to monitor the water temperature in Lake Biwa. In autumn, a thermocline develops in Lake Biwa. During this season, the water temperature changes considerably between the warm surface and the cold bottom of the lake, and a circular current develops when the thermocline is formed. It is necessary to ascertain the relationship between the thermocline and the speed of sound. In this study, to determine the relationship between the speed of sound and the water temperature when a thermocline exists, the speed of sound was measured in the north of the lake in autumn 2008. We report the estimated water temperature and the measured speed of sound in Lake Biwa. The speed of sound measured directly was greater than the calculated value for pure water. The existence of the thermocline was also verified at the same time, in which the water temperature changed by about 7.5 °C from the lake surface to a depth of 20 m. The estimated water temperature of the lake assuming nonsaline water was about 0.2 to about 0.5 °C higher than the measured water temperature. To improve the accuracy of the estimated water temperature, the temperature was corrected using a salinity conversion value, which was calculated from the speed of sound measured in situ . The salinity conversion value was used to estimate the water temperature from the speed of sound measured directly in situ in Lake Biwa within an accuracy of 0.1 °C.
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This paper attends the problem of estimating salinity for a southeastern Mediterranean Sea. The main objective of the present study is the estimation of salinity profiles in the upper 500m from measurements of temperature profiles and surface salinity. 465 Temperature and salinity profiles were selected for this study, taken from expeditions carried out by research vessels Yakov Gakkov and Vladimir Parshin, of former Soviet Union during the period 1987-1990. The empirical relationship between salinity and temperature in southeastern Mediterranean Sea is quantified with the help of local regression. Differences in salinity's co-variability with temperature and with longitude, latitude and day of year from eastern to western part of the study area suggested that the region may be achieving more accurate salinity estimates. Eight methods were used for estimating salinity profiles in the present study. The results obtained from method 5 (Surface salinity added to fourth degree polynomial of temperature) were better than other methods for the upper 130m, while method 8 (longitude, latitude and day of year added to third degree polynomial of temperature) were better for the rest depths.
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Temperature salinity diagrams
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