General geology, facies and depositional environment of Kampung Temang, Kuala Krai, Kelantan
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This study focused on the geological mapping of Kg Temiang, Kuala Krai, Kelantan, facies depositional environment and geological history and evolution of that place. Facies analysis shows the finer grained of sedimentary rock with a few of sediment structure such as massive, lamina, and cross-lamination. This place shows a shallow shoreface environment. However, the geomorphology process usually because of faulting, crack and bedding. In addition, it also because of climate change that control weathering and erosional process. Kg Temiang contain one type of rock which is sedimentary rock. The lithology of the area are shale, sandstone, mudstone, limestone and siltstone. They are included in Mesozoic era.Keywords:
Siltstone
Lithology
Bedding
Lamination
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Based on the facies marks including sediment-style and assemblages(lithology,color,strata type,grain type),vertical depositional features,fabric and construct characters,and biotic assemblages as well as authigenic mineral and geochemical characteristics,9 types of sedimentary facies in the Jiapila Formation within Yangtze source region can be recognized:pluvial facies,fluvial facies,detal facies,tidal flat facies,subtidal facies of restricted platform,longshore bar facies and volcanic eruption facies,as well as platform marginal facies.The bivalves fossil of Quemocuomegalodon sp.and Neomegalodon cf.ampezzanus(Hoernes) as well as gypsum deposit were discovered in the restricted platform.Moreover,barite,fluorite and other minerals were found in the gypsum deposition;therefore,all of these suggest that the deposit of lazurite,barite and fluorite are the prospecting potential in the restricted platform facies.The biologic features and sedimentary characteristics of the Jiapila Formation suggest that it was sedimented in shallow-water environment with high rate of evaporation.The new data on the sedimentary facies of the formations provide important information to understand the regional tectonic-paleogeographic environment during the Indosinian movement.
Lithology
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The sandstone and mudstone section in the Carboniferous Kalashayi formation of Tarim Basin has been studied and analyzed for stratigraphic correlation,strata contact relationship,and the types and distribution of sedimentary facies based on a huge data of core observation,outcrop,wireline logging,mud logging and outcrops. The study shows that the Kalashayi formation had developed interbedded sandstone and mudstone section across most part of the basin;the sediments are coarse toward southeast and contain gypsum-salt rock in the southwest;the sandstone and mudstone section is in unconformable contact with overlying limestone formation and dominated by continental sedimentation of fluvial-delta facies in most of the basin,and there starts to occur marine facies of tidal flat,lagoon and open platform from Bachu to the southwest. The palaeogeomorphology of Tarim Basin in this stage was high in the east and low in the west,with sediment source coming from the east of the basin.
Outcrop
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A detailed study of rock facies,sedimentary facies type and depositional model of modern Chaobai river in Baimiao( Tongzhou district in Beijing) have been conducted by digging deep trenches,pits and field profile.At the same time,a detailed analysis of crevasse splay,which is composed of coarse sediment grain,has also been made.It is shown that Baimiao sedimentary body is a meandering river sedimentary body.Rock types mainly include fine conglomerate (gravel-based mud),fine-grained sandstone and muddy siltstone and silty mudstone.Massive bedding,trough-shaped cross bedding,parallel bedding and tabular cross bedding also developed well in work area.Three subfacies have developed and they are riverbed,embankment and floodplain sub-phase.Five kinds of microfacies named riverbed,point bar,levee,crevasse splay and floodplain microfacies were found and these sedimentary facies constitutes the three Baimiao sedimentary sequence.
Siltstone
Bedding
Conglomerate
Point bar
Crevasse
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The Pliocene marine sediments exposed on the dipside route along the River Koito demonstrate a remarkable change in rock facies towards the west., To cleariby the chronological interrelation of the various rock facies, the many pyroclastic key beds were traced in the field., Thereby the interrelation of the extension of each rock facies in time and space was confirmed., The basal characters of the Ichijiku sand facies and the Higashihigasa sand and gravel facies are not unconformable as previously thought, but these coarse sediments merge rapidly and laterally into fine-grained sediments (Figs., 2∼6)., New time and rock-time units are introduced based upon two adequately selected key layers which are considered to be of simultaneous deposition.,
Merge (version control)
Peninsula
Deposition
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Deposition
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The North West Java Basin is one of back-arc basins in Indonesia. It is bordered by Sunda Shield in the north, Bogor Through in the south, Karimun Jawa in the east, and Seribu Platform in the west. This paper applies sequence stratigraphic concepts to a stratigraphic succession in Jonggol Area, West Indonesia. The data which is used in this study are detailed observations and careful analysis of Middle Miocene outcrops in the area. There are several lithofacies which can be identified in the research area, such as Bioturbated Sandstone, Cross-Stratified Sandstone, Sideritized Sandstone, Laminated Sandy Siltstone, Skeletal Limestone, Sideritized Shale, and Shale. The study area is then divided into four sedimentary facies, which are Upper Shoreface Facies, Middle Shoreface Facies, Lower Shoreface Facies, and Offshore Facies. All facies is deposited in shallow marine environment. Based on the integration between lithofacies analysis with the stratigraphic succession, a nearly complete sequence is observed at the outcrops in Cipamingkis River. The components of sequence that observed are Lowstand Deposit (LST), Transgressive Deposit (TST), Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS), and Highstand Deposit (HST). Petrographic analysis give a result that the diagenesis of sandstone in the study area can be classified in eodiagenesis to mesodiagenesis stage.
Outcrop
Siltstone
Sequence Stratigraphy
Marine transgression
Transgressive
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Ten lithofacies and their sublithofacies,including piedmont diluvial facies(fluvial facies),subaqueous delta facies,tidal flat facies,neritic facies,volcanic-sedimentary facies,volcanic outpouring facies,volcanic eruption facies,hydrothermal deposition facies,volcanic hydrothermal alteration facies and skarn facies,are recognized based on the lithofacies types and characteristics of Late Carboniferous sedimentary and volcanic rocks in the East Tianshan,Xinjiang.These characteristics indicate that the association of volcanic-sedimentary lithofacies formed on active continental margins in a continental compressional regime.The structure of vertical facies sequence indicates the strong volcanism occurred above and below the hydrothermal depositional facies,which provided heat needed for mineralization.In the Late Carboniferous Kumtag compressional basin,the vertical lithofacies sequence structure of the hydrothermal depositional facies is hydrothermal breccia subfacies→siderite rock/gypsum rock subfacies→ankerite rock subfacies→jasper rock subfacies→ankerite rock subfacies.This association is the lithofacies indicator for looking for large Kumtag type gypsum-siderite deposits in the East Tianshan.The general depositional sequence of the volcanic-sedimentary facies in the study area shows the trend of upward deepening facies sequence and then upward shallowing facies sequence.The provenance of clastic rocks was mainly the erosion area of the Variscan island arc zone in the north and the Central Tianshan basement uplift in the south.However,subaqueous volcanic eruption still took place in a neritic environment,showing the sedimentary characteristics of a hinterland basin in a continental compressional regime(Central Tianshan orogenic belt).The Late Carboniferous prototype sedimentary basin is likely to be a hinterland basin,which is favourable for preservation of large gypsum-siderite deposits.
Breccia
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The structural uplift is developed in Yinmaili area. According to available data of Cretaceous and the regional ancient relief in Yinmaili area, four types of sedimentary facies are identified, which include the alluvial facies, fan-delta facies, lacustrine facies and delta facies. Their lithologic features, sedimentary structures and vertical evolution sequences are analyzed in detail. For questionable existence of Yageliemu formation in this studied area, this paper indicates that original classification about the glutenite stratum into Jurassic should belong to bottom glutenite member (i.e. Yageliemu formation) by the strata contact relations. This means that in Yinmaili area the center of sedimentation and subsidence underwent multi-transportation, which is the important reason for the fact that large-scale variation and migration of sediments or sedimentary sand bodies occurred in this area.
Lithology
Alluvial fan
Stratum
Sedimentation
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Research have been made on the type of sedimentary facies,the sedimentary features,the model of sedimentary facies and the sedimentary evolution of Sanjianfang and Qiketai formation of middle Jurassic in north of Taibei,Tuha basin,and the research result shows that two types of sedimentary facies—braided stream delta facies and lake facies,and five types of compositional models of mirco-facies develops in Sanjianfang and Qiketai formation.The sedimentary system of braided stream delta mainly develops on offshore slope belts of lake in north depression,and composes the following five micro-facies: branched channel,debouchure ban,reef sand,waterfront sand and mud flat.So that delta-offshore and shallow lake sedimentary system with a positive cycle is available.In the paper, the author discusses the relationship between distribution of sedimentary facies belts and gathering of oil and gas,and concludes that the micro-facies of branched channel,debouchure ban,reef sand is the better gathering sites of oil and gas in the research area which points out the direction of exploration and exploitation in the future.
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General geology of the Central Pahang is dominated by the presence of Permian and Triassic age sediments. The Permian sediments are composed of interbedded series of black limestones, calcareous shales, sandstones and a band of conglomerate. Semantan Formation consists predominantly of deep marine, possibly bathyal (slope) sediments and there are also signs of turbidite sediments from lithological characteristics, sedimentary structures and fossils (Madon, 2010). Only the Semantan sediments will be analysed in this study. The sediments comprise of thinly and thickly bedded tuflaceous sandstone and interbedded mudstone and shale .The tuffaceous sandstone is well bedded greyish orange colour and it occur with sharp plane top and basal contact with the alternating mudstone and shale beds. As the Mesozoic stratigraphy in the Central Belt is largely controlled by tectonics, this study will be important to integrate the tectonics events that happened which influence the relative uplift and subsidence of the area, which eventually affected the depositional style and sediments in the basins in order to established a complete and better understanding stratigraphy of the Semantan sediments in Peninsular Malaysia. All information gathered will be used to make the geological map and cross section of the transect area. Petrography works from the thin section will provide details on texture and grain size of the rocks and also the origin of the rock itself. Correlation between field data and laboratory analysis such as gas chromatography, microfossils analysis and FTIR will help in classifying the depositional environment. Finally, model of the depositional environment can be modelled based on the features and data obtained from the laboratory analysis.
Conglomerate
Paleocurrent
Stratigraphic unit
Terrigenous sediment
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