Tourists’ Perception on Volcanic Hazard and Risk in Guci Hot Spring, Slamet Volcano, Indonesia
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Abstract Guci Hot Spring is one of the tourist destinations in Central Java Province renowned for its beautiful scenery as well as its health-healing benefit. In 2016, this touristic destination attracted more than 650.000 visitors, this number is growing each year. However, this touristic spot has its hidden hazard and risk of the Slamet Volcano eruption. The historical eruptions of this volcano, recorded since the 18th century, have shown that this volcano is known for its explosive type of eruption. Despite its potential hazard and risk, this hot spring area is growing continuously as a touristic spot. Therefore, this study aims to understand tourists’ perception on volcanic hazard and risk in this area, by interviewing 31 respondents using questionnaires. The results show that 74% of respondents are aware that Slamet Volcano has different potential hazards such as volcanic ashfall, lahars, lava and pyroclastic flows. Although Guci Hot Spring is located in Slamet volcanic hazard area, only a few tourists know this information (42%). Majorities of the respondents did not have any experience on volcanic disaster (68%). Most of the respondents did not get any information on Slamet volcanic hazard (58%), while others only get information through television and/or social media. Nevertheless, almost all of the respondents claimed that they will follow any instructions given by government or related institutions if any volcanic eruption occurs (97%). Therefore, awareness program towards tourists in the volcanic touristic spot should be strengthened through different means to give information on volcanic hazard, its risk as well as mitigation and crisis management.Keywords:
Volcanic hazards
Tourist destinations
Abstract Southeast Asia is home to a large number of active and well-studied volcanoes, the majority of which are located in Indonesia and the Philippines. Northern Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam) also hosts volcanoes that for several reasons (post-World War II conflicts, poor accessibility due to dense vegetation, no known historical activity) have been poorly studied. Systematic assessments of the threat these volcanoes pose to resident populations do not exist, despite evidence of numerous eruptions through the late Pleistocene and likely even during the Holocene. A recent study inferred the location of the Australasian meteorite impact to be beneath the Bolaven Volcanic Field in southern Laos; this study provided a wealth of data for the field: in particular, mapping of vents and flows, and their relative or absolute ages. The Bolaven Volcanic Field (16 Ma—< 40 ka) has a surface area of about 5000 km 2 , contains nearly 100 scoria cones and more than 100 individual lava flows. Some lava flow systems are as long as 50 km, with thickness ranging from a few meters at the flow edges, up to > 50 m in some locations. Building upon this foundation, we used the Bolaven Volcanic Field as a case study for assessing the potential exposure of populations and infrastructure to lava flows during future effusive eruptions. Our study uses remote sensing to map past flows and vents (i.e. scoria cones), lava-flow simulations from new simulated vents, and open-access exposure data, to assess hazards and exposure. Our results show that future vents are most likely to occur in a N-S band atop the Bolaven plateau, with some flows channelling into canyons and spilling down the plateau flanks onto lower plains that support more populated areas such as the provincial centre, Pakse. Our exposure assessment suggests that around 300,000 people could experience socio-economic impacts from future lava flow inundations. The largest impacts would be on two of the main economic sectors in the region, agriculture and hydropower. The potential also exists for life-threatening explosions from interactions between magma and surface waters, which are abundant in the region. We estimate an average recurrence interval of approximately 10,400 years, based on information from lava flows and scoria cones.
Scoria
Volcanic hazards
Lava field
Cinder cone
Lahar
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Lava flows in the Holocene volcanic territories in the northern Hainan Island, which is divided into four volcanic systems, may move over a distance up to 8 km from their sources with a flow velocity about 1～10 m/s. The total duration of their eruptions may last for months or years, but some lava flow that is 8 m thick may reach its distal location in one day. Volcanic hazards due to lava flows in the future from the four volcano systems are destructive to farm lands and roads and may cause fire disaster.
Volcanic hazards
Lava field
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