Changes in water level regimes in karst-denudation regions, influenced by mining activity, in the various limestone and dolomite reservoirs
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Abstract Karst processes are intensively developing in North Lithuania and are related to Upper Devonian gypsum layers that occur under the Quaternary cover. During the last two decades of the 20th century and the first years of 21st century more intense karst processes are witnessed. The intensity of the karst processes are indicated by new sinkholes that severely damage crops, constructions and communication systems. The monitoring of gypsum karst processes comprises measurement of rate of chemical denudation of gypsum and intensity of formation of sinkholes. The chemical denudation is being measured since 1964 in this region. Since 1978 the intensity of karst denudation increased by 30% and it probably was a main reason for more frequent formation of sinkholes. This phenomenon is correlated with climate change – increasing air temperature and decreasing duration of seasonal frozen ground, which respectively impacted hydrological and hydrogeological regimes. In order to prevent damage by karst processes on constructions the following means are under implementation: detailed engineering geological mapping of urban areas (for town-development planning), engineering geological investigations of construction sites, engineering assessment of damaged buildings. Key Words: Devoniangypsum karstmonitoringkarst denudationsinkholesgeohazardsclimate changeLithuania
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The purpose of this study was to determine the hazard of landscape change and hydrogeology in the karst region of the southern mountains of Jember Regency due to natural processes and human activities. The method used in this study used inductively on karst areas of the southern mountains. This method is used to determine the nature of diffuse, fissure, and conduit flow. In addition, hydrograph flow is used to determine the conditions of water release and karst squamous conditions with parameters related to natural changes and human activities. The hydrochemical properties and flow properties are used to characterize karst aquifer conditions in the southern mountains of Jember region. The results showed that landscape and hydrogeological changes in the karst area experienced rapid dissolution. Throughout the year the flow conditions of karst hydrology in the Jember area were dominated by diffuse and conducit types, so that fissure conditions never occurred. In addition, the hydrochemical conditions in the karst area did not experience sharp fluctuations between the base flow and DHL regarding dissolution in karst hydrology. The dominance of human activities includes traditional mining and the establishment of puger cement factories in the southern Karst mountain zone, which affects natural and hydrogeological changes naturally as a result of the opening of karst land for industrial raw materials.
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Karst lands are produced by the action of water on soluble rocks, a process among the most dynamic of all erosive forces that counterbalance the uplifting forces of tectonics. The dissolution of carbonate rock, primarily limestone and dolomite, produces unique landscapes and poses significant hydrological and environmental concerns. The major topic areas discussed in this article include the following: processes that form karst; karst drainage basins; discharge from karst aquifers; caves as paleoclimatic recorders; caves as ecosystems; water issues in karst regions; and sinkholes, soil piping and subsidence. 20 refs., 9 figs.
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Guangxi Huanjiang Karst has been nominated as a site of World Natural Heritage.It is an expanding part of Guizhou Libo Karst World Natural Heritage.Huanjiang karst landform evolution is affected by lithology.geological structure,faults,joints,cracks and subsurface hydrological system and other factors.The rocks in Huanjiang are composed of high purity limestone,dolomite and other soluble carbonate rocks.Crustal movement made the area uplift.The rock stress caused fold fracture and uplift,faults joint development.Rainfall,higher temperature and soluble rocks erosion-corrosion effect caused by surface- groundwater made the erosion base level fall and the rivers incised conduct.The surface has undergone the denudation and erosion for a long time,and the process has made the landform evolve from infancy through adolescence into manhood late.They developed into fengcong valley,depression,canyon and fenglin depressions,valley,basin and multilayer cave as the main morphological diversity of cone Karst landscape.The formation of Huanjiang Karst has experienced the effects of intermontane basin,the diagenesis of the thick carbonate rock of the Carboniferous and the Karst action since the Cambrian,and the geomorphological evolution has gone through 3 main stages,namely,fold block mountain basin formation stage.Karst peak cluster-peak forest developmental stages and Karst Canyon formation stage.Evolution model follows the succession law orderly,which is from fengcong depression to peak valley,fengcong gorge,fenglin depression and fenglin valley.It reveals the main stages and evolution process of tropical-subtropical cone karst development.
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The Zemo Imereti (Chiatura) Structural Plateau covers the easternmost part of the western Georgia limestone belt and is the only region of the platform karst in the entire Caucasus. Zemo Imereti Plateau's complex structural studies revealed that the karst landscape has been completely transformed due to human strong economic activities, mainly related to the manganese unplanned, predatory extraction. The ore mining process completely destroyed the soil and vegetation cover thus creating "anthropo-badlands". Due to manganese open-cast mining, the layers located over limestones are almost totally removed and heavy rains stipulate intense washout of substances from loose rocks. Intense washout of manganese extracted from mines and high contamination of river water streams take place directly in the river beds. Karst sinkholes and wells are common in the plateau, which are often used as waste fills-storages by the local population. Contaminated underground karst waters flowing into the above mentioned landforms are directly related to the karst springs used by the population and occasionally cause their turbidity and contamination, which is also confirmed by our indicator tests. As a laboratory study of the samples showed, mineralization of underground karst waters in the study area is 1.5 - 3 times higher than similar values in neighboring karst areas, which should be explained by the widespread of manganese open pits in the feeding basins of underground karst waters. According to the materials obtained from our surveys and calculations carried out, karst (chemical) denudation (surface 64.2 - 190.6 m3/km2/year, underground 1.5 - 117.0 m3/km2/year) has been increased in the study area than in other karst regions of Georgia, which is also related to technologic factors.
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Abstract In southwestern China karst rocky desertification (a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks, drastic decrease of soil productivity and the appearance of a desert‐like landscape) results from irrational land use on the fragile, thin karst soil. Soil particles in the Guizhou karst plateau were accumulated predominantly from residues left behind after the dissolution of carbonate rocks, and the thickness of the soil layer is related to the amount of argillaceous substances in the lost carbonate rock. This paper examines the spatial distribution of karst rocky desertified (KRD) land in Guizhou Province, and relates it to the different assemblages of basement carbonate rocks. Types of carbonate rock assemblages are discussed using a 1 : 500000 scale digital‐distribution map. Their distribution and sensitivity to erosion are analysed, demonstrating that the occurrence of KRD land is positively correlated to homogeneous carbonate rocks. Differences in physical and chemical properties of limestone and dolomite rocks lead to differences in dissolution, accumulation rate of soil particles and relief on the surface, and these factors influence land‐use potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Contact karst is a type of karst formed where allogenic waters from the surface influence the karst geomorphic system. Contact karst may be considered in both a strict sense and in a wide sense. In a strict sense, contact karst is the karst phenomena and forms influenced by the contact between a karstifiable rock and a non-karstifiable rock. In a wide sense, contact karst may also be the karst phenomena and forms influenced by the contact between two different karstifiable rocks, for example limestone and dolomite. This thesis focuses on the geomorphological characteristics of contact karst on limestone-dolomite contacts in Slovenia. The purpose of the research was to determine which processes contribute to the development of contact karst on the contact between limestone and dolomite, to define their dynamics, and to identify which surface and underground landforms are developed.
The spatial distribution of contacts between limestone and dolomite in Slovenia was determined in a GIS. Using existing lithological data as a data layer, the extent of carbonate rock cover in Slovenia was calculated. Carbonate rocks cover 47 % of Slovenia’s territory (27 % limestone, 14 % dolomite, and 6 % clastic carbonate or impure carbonate rocks). And, there are 1,353 limestone-dolomite contact lines in the country, totalling a length of 2,625 km.
Study areas were selected based on GIS analysis of the limestone-dolomite contacts. A total of 17 areas in Slovenia were studied in detail. Fieldwork at the study areas consisted of the collection and analysis of rock, sediment, and water samples, allowing each study area to be geomorphologically mapped.
General factors contributing to contact karst development on the lithological contact between limestone and dolomite were determined. The most important factor appears to be the characteristics of the inflow part, formed on the dolomite. Where dolomite functions as a karst rock, the water is dispersedly drained into the karst. In that case, the limestone-dolomite contact does not function as contact karst. Alternatively, where the dolomite functions as fluviokarst, a point recharge, or sinking stream, is formed. In that case, contact karst may be formed. The fluviokarstic character of the dolomite depends on its chemical and mechanical properties. The dolomite bedrock must be positioned at a higher elevation than the neighbouring limestone bedrock. To meet this requirement, dolomite beds, which in Slovenia are generally older than limestone and hence stratigraphically positioned below the limestone beds, need to be positioned above limestone by either folding that leads to inverse stratification, overthrusting, or by displacement along faults. Along faults, the dolomite is more prone to mechanical weathering due to tectonic crushing in addition to its chemical properties. Hence, contact karst is more likely to form at thrust contacts between thrust limestone and dolomite. Limestone-dolomite contact karst develops predominately at higher elevations due to increased precipitation (where allogenic inflow is higher) and greater frost action due to lower temperatures. Intense mechanical weathering of dolomite over limestone directly affects contact karst processes and significantly contributes to the spatial distribution of these types of surfaces. The location of the water table close to the surface is also a leading factor in limestone-dolomite contact karst formation due to enhanced border corrosion.
Landforms typical of contact karst were identified in the study areas during geomorphological analyses. However, they are not as clearly recognizable as those on contact between carbonate and non-carbonate rocks. The reason for this is the fact that allogenic waters from dolomitic catchment areas are by far not as corrosive as those from non-carbonate catchment areas.
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