Volcanic Lightning as a Monitoring Tool during the 2016-2017 Eruption of Bogoslof Volcano, AK
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Vulcanian eruption
Volcanic Gases
Phreatic eruption
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Volcanic Gases
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Abstract Lightning often occurs during ash‐producing eruptive activity, and its detection is now being used in volcano monitoring for rapid alerts. We report on infrasonic and sonic recordings of the related, but previously undocumented, phenomenon of volcanic thunder. We observe volcanic thunder during the waning stages of two explosive eruptions at Bogoslof volcano, Alaska, on a microphone array located 60 km away. Thunder signals arrive from a different direction than coeruptive infrasound generated at the vent following an eruption on 10 June 2017, consistent with locations from lightning networks. For the 8 March 2017 eruption, arrival times and amplitudes of high‐frequency thunder signals correlate well with the timing and strength of lightning detections. In both cases, the thunder is associated with lightning that continues after significant eruptive activity has ended. Infrasonic and sonic observations of volcanic thunder offer a new avenue for studying electrification processes in volcanic plumes.
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Strombolian eruption
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Abstract Determining whether seismicity near volcanoes is due primarily to tectonic or magmatic processes is a challenging but critical endeavor for volcanic eruption forecasting and detection, especially at poorly monitored volcanoes. Global statistics on the occurrence and timing of earthquakes near volcanoes both within and outside of eruptive periods reveal patterns in eruptive seismicity that may improve our ability to discern magmatically driven seismicity from purely tectonic seismicity. In this paper, we catalog magnitude four and greater (M4+) earthquakes near volcanoes globally and compute statistics on their occurrence with respect to various eruptive and volcanic attributes, evaluating their utility as diagnostic indicators of eruptions. Using a 2‐week time window and a 30 km radius around the volcanoes, we find that 11% of eruptions are preceded by at least one M4+ earthquake, but only 1% of such earthquakes is followed by eruption. However, earthquakes located 5–15 km from the volcano, those with normal faulting mechanisms and/or large nondouble‐couple components, and those occurring as groups are more commonly associated with eruptions, providing significant forecasting utility in some cases. Similarly, certain volcanoes are more likely to exhibit such precursors, such as those with long repose periods. We illustrate the use of these data in eruption forecasting scenarios, including rapid identification of analogous earthquake sequences at other volcanoes. When integrated within the context of multiparametric, multidisciplinary probabilistic assessments of volcanic activity, global earthquake statistics can improve eruption forecasts, and our work provides a model for use on other rapidly expanding global volcanological databases.
Volcanic hazards
Remotely triggered earthquakes
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World wide
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浅間山で起こる火山性地震の形は,見かけ上,4種類に分類でき,それぞれA型地震,B型地震,T型地震,爆発地震と名付けられている。また,火山性微動も見かけ上,2種類に分類できる。これらの火山性振動について,最大振幅と振動継続時間の統計,最大振幅に対して石本・飯田の統計,波動の周波数分析などを行なってみると,地震型および微動型によって特徴ある値が求められ,上記の分類が正統なものであることを裏付ける。地震の型別発生数では,B型地震が最も多く,次いでA型地震,T型地震,爆発地震の順になる。A型地震は火山噴火と間接的な関係があり,B型地震は直接的な関係があるが,T型地震はほとんど無関係である。また,火山性微動は短周期のものは噴火と直接的な関係があるが,やや長い周期のものは無関係である。なお,爆発地震は火山爆発を伴う地震である。
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