Estimation of wind speeds and wave heights from tropical cyclones during 1961 to 1982
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African easterly jet
Tropical cyclogenesis
Extratropical cyclone
Maximum sustained wind
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We present and discuss algorithms for measuring wind speeds with WindSat, ASMR-E and AMSR2 in tropical cyclones. The algorithms are trained from SMAP wind speeds, which have been proven to provide reliable wind speeds in strong storms and which are not affected by rain. They perform well under heavy precipitation where most other passive wind speed retrievals fail.
Maximum sustained wind
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Abstract : LONG-TERM GOALS: Accurately determine the three dimensional global atmospheric wind fields via satellite remote sensing data for both real time analyses and input to numerical weather prediction models. OBJECTIVES: Develop techniques to map the three-dimensional (3-D) wind fields associated with severe weather systems, using tropical cyclones for the initial study. Use remotely sensed data to determine the wind field from the surface to the upper levels to better understand the storm structure and to assist in determining the storm s intensity, thereby providing an important link to tropical cyclone data assimilation efforts.
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Accurate observations of surface ocean vector winds (OVW) with high spatial and temporal resolution are required for understanding and predicting tropical cyclones. As NASA's QuikSCAT and Navy's WindSat operate beyond their design life, many members of the weather and climate science communities recognize the importance of developing new observational technologies and strategies to meet the essential need for OVW information to improve hurricane intensity and location forecasts. The Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) is an innovative technology development which offers new and unique remotely sensed satellite observations of both extreme oceanic wind events and strong precipitation. It is based on the airborne Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), which is the only proven remote sensing technique for observing tropical cyclone (TC) ocean surface wind speeds and rain rates. The proposed HIRAD instrument advances beyond the current nadir viewing SFMR to an equivalent wide-swath SFMR imager using passive microwave synthetic thinned aperture radiometer (STAR) technology. This sensor will operate over 4-7 GHz (C-band frequencies) where the required TC remote sensing physics has been validated by both SFMR and WindSat radiometers. The instrument is described in more detail in a paper by Jones et al. presented to the Tropical Meteorology Special Symposium at this AMS Annual Meeting. Simulated HIRAD passes through a simulation of hurricane Frances are being developed to demonstrate HIRAD estimation of surface wind speed over a wide swath in the presence of heavy rain. These are currently being used in quick OSSEs (Observing System Simulation Experiments) with H'Wind analyses as the discriminating tool. The H'Wind analysis, a product of the Hurricane Research Division of NOAA's Atlantic , Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, brings together wind measurements from a variety of observation platforms into an objective analysis of the distribution of wind speeds in a tropical cyclone. This product is designed to improve understanding of the extent and strength of the wind field, and to improve the assessment of hurricane intensity. See http://www.aoml.noaa._ov/hrd/data sub/wind.html. Observations have been simulated from both aircraft altitudes and space. The simulated flight patterns for the aircraft platform cases have been designed to duplicate the timing and flight patterns used in routine NOAA and USAF hurricane surveillance flights, and the spaceborne case simulates a TRMM orbit and altitude.
Microwave radiometer
Nadir
Typhoon
Microwave Imaging
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<title>VHF radiometric sounding of the ocean-atmospheric system in the tropical cyclone zone</title>
We discussed here a possibility of determining characteristics of the wind field near the sea surface in the regions of a tropical cyclone based on the radiation- wind models available. The grounds for the discussion is data on three tropical cyclones in the Pacific ocean, acquired with the VHF-SSM/I radiometer from onboard the DMSP satellite. Before making analysis, we have processed the data collected and have given its interpretation from the standpoint of meteorology. The wind fields reconstructed are compared with independent data from storm warning services. It is shown that the use of the radiation-wind models and algorithms developed for standard meteorological conditions allow one to retrieve, with good accuracy, such important wind field characteristics, in the tropical cyclone region, as the dimensions of a pre-storm zone, wind field asymmetry, local maxima in the wind field, etc.
Dropsonde
Maximum sustained wind
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Microwave remote sensing provides an opportunity to retrieve wind speed (WS) inside tropical cyclones (TCs) due to the high atmospheric transmissivity through clouds and under rain conditions. A WS retrieval algorithm for WS above 20m/s in TCs using brightness temperature at 6.8- and 10.7-GHz has been developed and a new set of parameters has been optimized from 6.9GHz and 10.7GHz TB and the HWind analysis matches. This algorithm is estimated to have an encouraging degree of accuracy for retrieving WS in TCs. Then the retrieved wind speeds of TCs are used to study wave heights in TCs in the South China Sea.
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An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
Divergence (linguistics)
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Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS): a constellation of 8 micro-satellite observatories launched in November 2016, to measure near-surface oceanic wind speed. Main goal: To monitor surface wind fields of the Tropical Cyclones' inner core, including regions beneath the intense eye wall and rain bands that could not previously be measured from space; Cover 38 deg S -38 deg N with unprecedented temporal resolution and spatial coverage, under all precipitating conditions Low flying satellite: Pass over ocean surface more frequently than one large satellite. A median(mean) revisit time of 2.8(7.2) hrs.
Rainband
Eye
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Tropical cyclone scales
Maximum sustained wind
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On Skylab, a combination microwave radar-radiometer (S193) made measurements in a tropical hurricane (AVA), a tropical storm, and various extratropical wind systems. The winds at each cell scanned by the instrument were determined by objective numerical analysis techniques. The measured radar backscatter is compared to the analyzed winds and shown to provide an accurate method for measuring winds from space. An operational version of the instrument on an orbiting satellite will be able to provide the kind of measurements in tropical cyclones available today only by expensive and dangerous aircraft reconnaissance. Additionally, the specifications of the wind field in the tropical boundary layer should contribute to improved accuracy of tropical cyclone forecasts made with numerical weather predictions models currently being applied to the tropical atmosphere.
Dropsonde
Extratropical cyclone
Typhoon
Maximum sustained wind
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