Five Great Tsunamis of the 20th Century as Recorded on the Coast of British Columbia
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Tide gauge
Trough (economics)
Tsunami wave
Wave height
Crest
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Rogue wave
Significant wave height
Wave height
Elevation (ballistics)
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The purpose of this study was to investigate wind wave crest lengths in coastal waters during tropical storm and hurricane conditions. The wave crest length is the length of the wave crest in the direction normal to the wave propagation direction. This information is needed for the computation of wave loads on bridge superstructures, fishing piers and similar structures. Wave forces on bridge superstructures are dependent on the variation in design wave crest height over the length of the bridge span. In the AASHTO code, it is assumed that the wave crest elevation is unchanged and extends the length of the span regardless of the span length. A method for accounting for wave crest variation and its impact on wave forces on bridge spans was developed. This method takes into consideration both the length of the span and the distance between the storm water and the span low-chord elevations. Methodologies for obtaining design wave height and period based on the met/ocean information that is available are presented. When directional wave spectra for the major storms that have impacted the location of interest are available (e.g., a Level III met/ocean analysis has been performed and the spectra saved), more accurate design wave heights and periods can be obtained. For situations where wave spectra are not available (Level I met/ocean analysis), conservative values for the spectral parameters must be used that result in conservative force estimates. The forces calculated using this methodology may significantly decrease the predicted wave forces on bridge superstructures.
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The paper describes the effect of sampling variability on the predicted extreme individual wave height and the predicted extreme individual crests height for long return periods, such as for the 100-year maximum wave height and 100-year maximum crest height. We show that the effect of sampling variability is different for individual crest or wave height as compared to for significant wave height. The short term wave statistics is modeled by the Forristall crest height distribution and the Forristall wave height distribution [3,4]. Samples from the 3-hour Weibull distribution are simulated for 100.000 years period, and the 100-year extreme values for wave heights and crest heights determined for respectively 20 minute and 3 hour sea states. The simulations are compared to results obtained by probabilistic analysis. The paper shows that state of the art analysis approaches using the Forristall distributions give about unbiased estimates for extreme individual crest or wave height if implemented appropriately. Direct application of the Forristall distributions for 3-hour sea state parameters give long term extremes that are biased low, and it is shown how the short term distributions can be modified such that consistent results for 20 minute and 3 hour sea states are obtained. These modified distributions are expected applicable for predictions based on hindcast sea state statistics and for the environmental contour approach.
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Trough (economics)
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Abstract The peak to trough distributions of nonlinear high sea waves in bimodal sea states in deep water are investigated. The statistical distribution of wave height is first analyzed by considering the Boccotti’s expression, where the parameters of the distribution are calculated for some bimodal spectra of sea states recorded in the Atlantic Ocean. The nonlinear crest and trough distributions are then obtained, particularizing for two peaked spectra the second-order Fedele and Arena expression, which depends on two parameters. The results have been finally validated by means of Monte Carlo simulations of second-order random waves with bimodal spectra.
Trough (economics)
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Significant wave height
Crest
Swell
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Wind wave model
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