Evaluation of vulnerability of karstic aquifer in the Moravian Karst by EPIK method
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Karst aquifers in the Dinaric karst are very rich with groundwater and are a very important resource for public water supply. The characteristics of the Dinaric karst are the lack, or very thin layer, of covering deposits, large amounts of precipitations, high groundwater velocities, very deep groundwater flow with a lot of faults and fault zones, pits to groundwater, concentrated sinking and large karst springs, making them extremely vulnerable to all anthropogenic influences, which are very quickly transmitted to the aquifer. Numerous multiparameter methods have been developed in the last 20 years to determine the level of vulnerability of aquifers. Each of them has its own specifics and is well adapted to the climate and region for which it was developed. The Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment (KAVA) method was developed in accordance with all the characteristics of the deep karst aquifers of the Dinaric karst and tested on several basins in the area. It was developed as a part of the Global Environment Facility United Nations Environmental Programme – the Mediterranean Action Plan Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (GEF UNEP/MAP MedPartnership Project). This paper presents the KAVA method and its application to two characteristic karst basins of the Dinaric karst: the Novljanska Žrnovnica spring catchment area and the Bakar Bay catchment area.
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Foreword Introduction and Definitions Karst, Karstic, Karstology The Karst region in Slovenia Definitions Components of the Karst Landscape The Great French Karst Regions Worldwide distribution of karst The History of Karstology Precursors Contributions from speleology French karstology and the climate paradigm Carbonate Rocks Definition REVIEW: The origins of carbonate and calcium Limestone Chalk Dolomitic rocks Limestone dissolution The water cycle, the CO2 cycle, and the carbonate cycle The solubility of limestone Factors affecting karstification The surface components of karst The epikarst Lapies Karst corridors dolines poljes Dry Valleys Canyons, pocket valleys, blind valley and karst windows Springs, tufa, and travertine Landscape types The role of climate Karst in Temperate and Mediterranean regions Karst in cold regions Karst in tropical regions Karst in arid and semi-arid regions Speleogenesis and the Endokarst The infiltration of aggressive water The spatial organisation of discontinuities Speleogenesis, or cave formation Vauclusian springs Hypogenic caves Great Caves Sediments Underground Evolution of karst landscapes and paleokarsts Variations in climate and paleogeographic evolution Polyphase karst Paleokarst Parakarsts and pseudokarsts Parakarsts 9.2 Pseudokarst Speleology and study of the endokarst Precursors to and origins of speleology The speleology community Methods in speleology The impacts of speleology on water quality in wells in karst aquifers Karst aquifers Particular characteristics Geometry of the aquifer and surrounding system Behavior of a karst system Quantitative and qualitative consequences Circulation in hydrothermal systems Aquifer characterization Geometry of karst systems Data collection Data analysis Tracer tests in karst systems Modeling outflows Water use and management Water management Surface water management Using water resources Quantitative management Qualitative management Coastal and submarine karst aquifers Morphology Coastal and submarine karst aquifers Deep submarine karst The study and management of coastal aquifers Development in karst regions Sub-soil anomalies Hydrologic problems Karstic subsidence and drawdown Location, detection, and remediation of cavities Tourism Touristic regions Karstic trails and itineraries Tourist-accessible caves Developing caves for tourism Mineral resources Karstic traps Hydrocarbons Hydrothermal and geothermal processes Hot springs Natural climate control The study of paleo-environments karstic archives Dating methods in karstology Environmental factors Records of deformation Applications in the study of paleoclimate Geodesy and rock deformation Value of karst systems Rock mechanics Paleontology, archaeology, and biology Traps and conserving environments The Quercy phosphorites Cavemen Isolation and genetic divergence Extremophiles CONCLUSION Bibliography
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Due to the complicated structure of the karst groundwater system, different types of karst areas have different karst hydrological characteristics, and their vulnerability assessment models must adopt different evaluated indicators. Based on an analysis of the development characteristics of different types of karst areas, this paper discussed the applicability of the existing vulnerability assessment models to different types of karst areas. EPIK model can be applied to the bare karst area in South China, whereas COP model to the bare karst area in North China and shallow buried karst area with weak karst surface zone. PTHQE model can be specially applied to the buried karst area. On account of the particularity of covered karst, PLEIK indicators were put forward based on Europian Models. PLEIK model indicators include 5 factors, i.e., protective cover(P), land use(L), epikarst development(E), infiltration conditions(I), and karst network development(K). The model highlights two factors of P and L, and endows factors with more abundant intensions than Europian Models. In addition, several vicarious approaches for establishing the value of each factor are adopted, and the index calculation and classification assessment method are put forward.
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