Drainage evolution in the Polish Sudeten Foreland in the context of European fluvial archives
Dariusz KrzyszkowskiDavid R. BridglandPeter M. AllenRob WestawayLucyna Wachecka‐KotkowskaJerzy A. Czerwonka
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Abstract:
Abstract Detailed study of subsurface deposits in the Polish Sudeten Foreland, particularly with reference to provenance data, has revealed that an extensive preglacial drainage system developed there in the Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, with both similarities and differences in comparison with the present-day Odra (Oder) system. This foreland is at the northern edge of an intensely deformed upland, metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny, with faulted horsts and grabens reactivated in the Late Cenozoic. The main arm of preglacial drainage of this area, at least until the early Middle Pleistocene, was the Palaeo–Nysa Kłodzka, precursor of the Odra left-bank tributary of that name. Significant preglacial evolution of this drainage system can be demonstrated, including incision into the landscape, prior to its disruption by glaciation in the Elsterian (Sanian) and again in the early Saalian (Odranian), which resulted in burial of the preglacial fluvial archives by glacial and fluvioglacial deposits. No later ice sheets reached the area, in which the modern drainage pattern became established, the rivers incising afresh into the landscape and forming post-Saalian terrace systems. Issues of compatibility of this record with the progressive uplift implicit in the formation of conventional terrace systems are examined, with particular reference to crustal properties, which are shown to have had an important influence on landscape and drainage evolution in the region.Keywords:
River terraces
River terraces
Tectonic uplift
Surface exposure dating
Cosmogenic nuclide
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This study presents fluvial geomorphic information on the lowest 4 to 8 km of eight major tributaries of Mackenzie River gathered from fieldwork, aerial photograph interpretation, and available published sources. The tributaries studied are North Nahanni, Root, Willowlake, Blackwater, Dahadinni, Redstone, Keele, and Great Bear rivers which are located between Fort Simpson and Norman Wells, Northwest Territories. Specifically, information for each study reach was compiled on the valley characteristics, hydrology, channel characteristics, lateral channel change, and interaction with Mackenzie River. The main body of the bulletin reviews previously published fluvial geomorphic research on Mackenzie River and the late Quaternary history as it pertains to the rivers. An overview section contains general information on the methodology, terminology, and the characteristics of the tributaries. River behaviours that should be carefully assessed prior to any development along a lower reach of a tributary are briefly summarized. Specific information on the eight individual tributaries is contained within separate appendices.
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Denudation
River terraces
Terrace (agriculture)
Cosmogenic nuclide
Peninsula
Tectonic uplift
Early Pleistocene
Ravine
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Foreland river channels and river systems are characterised by extreme variability caused by changes in external factors driving fluvial morphology. Two foreland areas were considered: the southern part of the Minusinskaya Basin in the Sayan Foreland and the Priazovskaya Plain of the Western Caucasian Foreland. In the former area there is an example of a huge transformation of the River Yenisey channel and in the latter area there is the gradual formation of flatland in the River Kuban delta. In both cases the transformation of the fluvial morphology is driven by the changing volume of water in the rivers during the Quaternary glacial and interstades.
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River terraces
Terrace (agriculture)
Cosmogenic nuclide
Surface exposure dating
Last Glacial Maximum
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