Sediment Source Fingerprinting of the Lake Urmia Sand Dunes
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Abstract:
Aeolian sand dunes are continuously being discovered in inner dry lands and coastal areas, most of which have been formed over the Last Glacial Maximum. Presently, due to some natural and anthropogenic implications on earth, newly-born sand dunes are quickly emerging. Lake Urmia, the world's second largest permanent hypersaline lake, has started shrinking, vast lands comprising sand dunes over the western shore of the lake have appeared and one question has been playing on the minds of nearby dwellers: where are these sand dunes coming from, What there was not 15 years ago!! In the present study, the determination of the source of the Lake Urmia sand dunes in terms of the quantifying relative contribution of each upstream geomorphological/lithological unit has been performed using geochemical fingerprinting techniques. The findings demonstrate that the alluvial and the fluvial sediments of the western upstream catchment have been transported by water erosion and they accumulated in the lower reaches of the Kahriz River. Wind erosion, as a secondary agent, have carried the aeolian sand-sized sediments to the sand dune area. Hence, the Lake Urmia sand dunes have been originating from simultaneous and joint actions of alluvial, fluvial and aeolian processes.Keywords:
Sand dune stabilization
Sand mining
Alluvial plain
Alluvial fan
The study consists of the identification of landforms subject to alluvial fan flooding in active sectors of the Zonda range piedmont. In the Department of Pocito, located about 5 km southwest of San Juan City, a series of alluvial fans have been identified. These alluvial fans are located downstream of the natural drainage basins covering an area of approximately 130 km^2 towards the eastern slopes of the Zonda range at a median elevation of 2,000 m a.s.l.
Alluvial fan
Alluvial plain
Landform
Alluvial soils
Elevation (ballistics)
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The Iraqi territory exhibits diverse topography in its different parts; from the extreme southeast, where the coastal area along the Arabian Gulf, passing northwards to the Mesopotamia Plain, and more north and northeast to hilly, low mountainous and high mountainous areas, respectively. Whilst towards west, the plateau of the Southern and Western Deserts exist and in the northwestern part is the Jazira Plain. This diversity in the topography with climatic changes has caused development of different systems of alluvial fans, with different ages, stages, shapes, sizes and constituents.
This study aims to establish a classification of alluvial fans developed in Iraq depending mainly on the stages, for the main types and the size, shape and covering constituents for the types and sub-types. Consequently, two main types were found: Single Stage and Multi Stage Alluvial Fans. Furthermore, each main type is classified into many types, depending on the size, shape and top covering materials. The age is not included in the classification, because almost all the existing alluvial fans in Iraq have the same age range (Pleistocene – Holocene). Moreover, no accurate dating is available to use for the fan classification. The constituent factor is not used, because it depends on the type of the exposed rocks in the source area. Examples are given for each type and sub-type from different parts of Iraq. Some of the examples have fan names, used in other studies.
Alluvial fan
Alluvial plain
Mesopotamia
Coastal plain
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Alluvial fan
Alluvial plain
Settlement (finance)
Economic shortage
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The sandy desertification is serious in Ulanbuhe desert. Based on the observed data about the sand movement by wind in the fixed dune, the semi-fixeddune and the moving dune, the determinant models of the sand-transporting ratio were constructed respectively for the three types of dunes by the multivariate statistical analysis method. The relationship between the sand-transporting ratio and wind velocity or height were quantitatively analyzed; and the structure of aeolian sand was also examined. Research results from our analysis will provide constructive suggestions for the sandy desertification control in China.
Desertification
Sand dune stabilization
Desert (philosophy)
Aeolian sand
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Aeolian sand dunes are continuously being discovered in inner dry lands and coastal areas, most of which have been formed over the Last Glacial Maximum. Presently, due to some natural and anthropogenic implications on earth, newly-born sand dunes are quickly emerging. Lake Urmia, the world's second largest permanent hypersaline lake, has started shrinking, vast lands comprising sand dunes over the western shore of the lake have appeared and one question has been playing on the minds of nearby dwellers: where are these sand dunes coming from, What there was not 15 years ago!! In the present study, the determination of the source of the Lake Urmia sand dunes in terms of the quantifying relative contribution of each upstream geomorphological/lithological unit has been performed using geochemical fingerprinting techniques. The findings demonstrate that the alluvial and the fluvial sediments of the western upstream catchment have been transported by water erosion and they accumulated in the lower reaches of the Kahriz River. Wind erosion, as a secondary agent, have carried the aeolian sand-sized sediments to the sand dune area. Hence, the Lake Urmia sand dunes have been originating from simultaneous and joint actions of alluvial, fluvial and aeolian processes.
Sand dune stabilization
Sand mining
Alluvial plain
Alluvial fan
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Desertification
Sand dune stabilization
Aeolian sand
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In a comprehensive survey of typical sections in the sand-dunes distribution area in the middle reach of the Yangtze River and Boyang Lake around,research shows that the grainsaize of sand-dunes deposits exhibit typical feature of aeolian sands: the distribution of sand-dunes is strap-shaped,which spread from north to south,and inosculate with the path of wind,and the height of sand-dunes is corresponding with the size of wind.All evidences show that these sand-dunes should be mainly caused by wind.
Sand dune stabilization
Yangtze river
Aeolian sand
Prevailing winds
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Sand dune stabilization
Aeolian sand
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