Structural framework and tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the eastern Persian Gulf, offshore Iran
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Orogeny
Foreland basins are important areas of exploration for petroleum in China.According to the basin construction and evolution,the foreland basins in central and western China can be divided into four types of assemblages including the presenile,the reconstructed,the regenerated and the superimposed.This paper discusses the geological conditions of accumulation,such as the assemblages of source rock,reservoir and seal,in different foreland basins based on the examples of northwestern Junggar foreland basin(the presenile),western Sichuan foreland basin(the reconstructed),northern Chaidamu foreland thrust(the regenerated) and southern Junggar foreland basin(the superimposed).The thermal evolutions of main source rocks are stated in the four types of foreland basins.The foreland development in the late period of Himalayan movement has an obvious control on the thermal evolution of source rocks in the Chaidamu foreland thrust(the regenerated) and southern Junggar foreland basin(the superimposed).
Hydrocarbon exploration
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Basic concepts Geological setting and stratigraphy of Amazonian foreland basin deposits Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Colombian foreland basin system Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Ecuadorian foreland basin system Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Peruvian and northern Bolivian foreland basin system Neogene(?) to Present Sedimentation rates Discussion Acknowledgments Conclusions References
Neogene
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Paleontologists long have argued that the most important evolutionary radiation of mammals occurred during the early Cenozoic, if not that all eutherians originated from a single common post-Cretaceous ancestor. Nonetheless, several recent molecular analyses claim to show that because several interordinal splits occurred during the Cretaceous, a major therian radiation was then underway. This claim conflicts with statistical evidence from the well-sampled latest Cretaceous and Cenozoic North American fossil record. Paleofaunal data confirm that there were fewer mammalian species during the latest Cretaceous than during any interval of the Cenozoic, and that a massive diversification took place during the early Paleocene, immediately after a mass extinction. Measurement data show that Cretaceous mammals were on average small and occupied a narrow range of body sizes; after the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, there was a rapid and permanent shift in the mean. The fact that there was an early Cenozoic mammalian radiation is entirely compatible with the existence of a few Cretaceous splits among modern mammal lineages.
Extinction (optical mineralogy)
Fossil Record
Evolution of mammals
Mammal
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Both western Taiwan foreland and Timor Sea foreland are part of the trench-arc-basin system around the Pacific. Huang et al. (2000) drew a conclusion that the Timor foreland corresponds to the initial arc-continent collision occurring in southern Taiwan and its neighboring sea after enumerating their common characteristics. We think a conflict actually exists in this study. The flexural characteristics as well as the process of orogeny may be one of the foci of attention for some individual study. However, many researchers usually are inclined to pay more attention to foreland response to orogeny and to comparable study of similarities and differences in structure and stratigraphy, and draw their conclusions while ignoring the huge influence played by the differences in plate flexural characteristics. Timor Sea foreland and western Taiwan foreland share very similar history of evolution and form generally distinctly tectonic status. We think the huge difference in plate flexural characteristics is responsible for it.
Orogeny
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