Composition and Evolution of Fluids Forming the Baiyinnuo’er Zn-Pb Skarn Deposit, Northeastern China: Insights from Laser Ablation ICP-MS Study of Fluid Inclusions*
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Research Article| September 01, 2017 Composition and Evolution of Fluids Forming the Baiyinnuo'er Zn-Pb Skarn Deposit, Northeastern China: Insights from Laser Ablation ICP-MS Study of Fluid Inclusions* Qihai Shu; Qihai Shu 1EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia2State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China3Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhaoshan Chang; Zhaoshan Chang † 1EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia †Corresponding author: e-mail, zhaoshan.chang@jcu.edu.au Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Johannes Hammerli; Johannes Hammerli 1EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia4Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Yong Lai; Yong Lai 3Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jan-Marten Huizenga Jan-Marten Huizenga 1EGRU (Economic Geology Research Centre) and Academic Group of Geosciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia5Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Economic Geology (2017) 112 (6): 1441–1460. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4516 Article history accepted: 31 Mar 2017 first online: 25 Aug 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Qihai Shu, Zhaoshan Chang, Johannes Hammerli, Yong Lai, Jan-Marten Huizenga; Composition and Evolution of Fluids Forming the Baiyinnuo'er Zn-Pb Skarn Deposit, Northeastern China: Insights from Laser Ablation ICP-MS Study of Fluid Inclusions. Economic Geology 2017;; 112 (6): 1441–1460. doi: https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2017.4516 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract The Baiyinnuo'er skarn deposit is one of the largest Zn-Pb deposits in northeastern China, with 32.74 million metric tons (Mt) resources averaging 5.44% Zn, 2.02% Pb, and 31.36 g/t Ag. The deposit formed in three stages: the preore stage (prograde skarn minerals with minor magnetite), the synore stage (sulfides and retrograde skarn minerals including calcite and minor quartz), and the postore stage (late veins composed of calcite, quartz, fluorite, and chlorite; cutting the above mineral assemblages). In this study we analyzed the composition of single fluid inclusions using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to (1) determine the composition of the fluids and the evolution through the stages, (2) infer the fluid and metal sources, and (3) explore the metal deposition mechanisms.The preore fluids trapped in pyroxene have higher homogenization temperatures (432°–504°C), higher salinity (36.5–46.1 wt % NaCl equiv), and higher concentrations of Zn (~0.9 wt %), Pb (~1.4 wt %), and other elements (e.g., Na, K, Li, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Cl, and Br) than synore mineralizing fluids (<370°C, <10 wt % NaCl equiv, ~450 ppm Zn, and ~290 ppm Pb). The postore fluids show lower temperatures (<250°C) and a rather dilute composition (<4 wt % NaCl equiv, ~33 ppm Zn, and ~24 ppm Pb). Geochemically, the fluids of all paragenetic stages in Baiyinnuo'er have magmatic signatures based on the element mass ratios, including elevated K/Na, Zn/Na, and Rb/Na ratios, lower Ca/K ratios, and combined Cl/Br-Na/K ratios, which are distinctively different from basinal brines. Inclusion fluids in preore stage show little variation in composition between ~510° and ~430°C, indicative of a closed cooling system. In contrast, the major components of the syn- and postore fluids, including Cl, Na, and K, decrease and correlate with a drop of homogenization temperatures from ~370° to ~200°C, indicating a dilution by mixing with groundwater. The Baiyinnuo'er mineralizing fluids (trapped in sphalerite) have higher Ca/K mass ratios (avg ~0.78) than other proximal magmatic hydrothermal systems (0.06–0.52) but lower than that of the distal El Mochito skarn (avg ~6.4), probably reflecting a gradually weakened magmatic signal away from the causative intrusions.The metal contents in preore fluids are significantly higher than those in synore fluids, but no mineralization occurred. This confirms that the early fluids were, although enriched in metals, not responsible for ore precipitation, most likely due to their high temperature and high salinities. One important factor controlling Zn-Pb mineralization was mixing with groundwater, which resulted in temperature decrease and dilution that significantly reduced the metal solubility, thereby promoting metal deposition. Another main driving force was the interaction with carbonate wall rock that buffered the acidity generated during the breakdown of Zn and (Pb)-Cl complexes and the precipitation of sulfides. Phase separation occurred in both the preore and the early part of the synore stages, but no evidence indicated that it caused metal deposition.The prograde minerals and retrograde minerals (including ore minerals) coexisting in the same samples could have been caused by two (or more) successive pulses of hydrothermal fluids released from residual melts of a progressively downward crystallizing magma. Each fluid produced a series of proximal high-temperature prograde to distal low-temperature assemblages, with the lower temperature assemblages of later fluids overprinting the higher temperature assemblages at most locations. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.Magmatic water
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Jianguang Wena*, Qiang Liua, Qinhuo Liua, Qing Xiaoab & Xiaowen Liac a State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science , Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University , P.O. Box 9718, Beijing, 100101, China b Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology , Beijing, 100029, China c School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science , Beijing Normal University , Beijing, 100875, China
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Abstract: Fluid inclusions in skarn minerals in the Maruyama deposit, the Kamioka mine, central Japan were studied. Homogenization temperatures (Th) of fluid inclusions in 48 skarn minerals (hedenbergite, andradite, epidote and quartz) were measured, and gas composition of fluid inclusions in 12 skarn minerals was measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The maximum Th value of primary inclusions in hedenbergite is 380C with peaks around 360C. Primary inclusions in hedenbergite near contact between skarn and limestone have slightly lower Th values and their distribution has a tendency of long trail skirt toward low temperature, which indicates ceasing of skarnization coincides with temperature decrease. Fluid inclusions in andradite and quartz in the hedenbergite skarn have lower Th values, in this order, than those in hedenbergite. CH4–detected fluid inclusions are localized around the Maruyama fault. Gas composition of the fluid inclusions indicates that fluid trapped in the hedenbergite has CO2 content less than 1 mole % and is not in equilibrium with graphite.
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Abstract Cu and Fe skarns are the world's most abundant and largest skarn type deposits, especially in China, and Au‐rich skarn deposits have received much attention in the past two decades and yet there are few papers focused on schematic mineral deposit models of Cu–Fe–Au skarn systems. Three types of Au‐rich deposits are recognized in the Edongnan region, Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt: ∼140 Ma Cu–Au and Au–Cu skarn deposits and distal Au–Tl deposits. 137–148 Ma Cu–Fe and 130–133 Ma Fe skarn deposits are recognized in the Edongnan region. The Cu–Fe skarn deposits have a greater contribution of mantle components than the Fe skarn deposits, and the hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of the Fe skarn deposits involved a greater contribution from evaporitic sedimentary rocks compared to Cu–Fe skarn deposits. The carbonate‐hosted Au–Tl deposits in the Edongnan region are interpreted as distal products of Cu–Au skarn mineralization. A new schematic mineral deposit model of the Cu–Fe–Au skarn system is proposed to illustrate the relationship between the Cu–Fe–Au skarn mineralization, the evaporitic sedimentary rocks, and distal Au–Tl deposits. This model has important implications for the exploration for carbonate–hosted Au–Tl deposits in the more distal parts of Cu–Au skarn systems, and Fe skarn deposits with the occurrence of gypsum‐bearing host sedimentary rocks in the MLYRB, and possibly elsewhere.
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