Linking the biological impacts of ocean acidification on oysters to changes in ecosystem services: A review
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Ocean Acidification
Ecosystem engineer
Marine ecosystem
The main goal of this study is to establish the long-term effects that ocean acidification has on the biogeochemical processes that involve carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in marine ecosystems. Even though scientists have learned a lot about how ocean acidification affects marine species as evidenced by a wide body of literature on the subject, there are still a lot of areas that require further investigation. For example, there exists a dearth of academic studies on the long-term effects of ocean acidification. More study needs to be done to establish what the long-term and cumulative effects of acidity are, especially in terms of how well different species can adapt. A research design that combines laboratory experiments and field surveys has been identified for this study. In order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how ocean acidification affects marine ecosystems, field surveys will be done at the places chosen for the study. A statistical analysis will be done on the pH readings and carbonate ion concentrations. The goal of this process is to identify patterns and links that may point to probable cause-and-effect links between changes in the chemistry of the ocean and the reported changes in life. The results and discussion intend to give a full analysis and evaluation of how acidification of the world's oceans affects marine ecosystems. This will be done by showing, interpreting, and comparing all the important data and findings. The results of this study are critical for establishing how ocean acidification affects marine ecosystems in the long run.
Ocean Acidification
Marine ecosystem
Biogeochemical Cycle
Ocean chemistry
Biogeochemistry
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Ocean acidification is known as another global change problem caused by increasing atmospheric CO2. Since the industrial revolution, the oceans have absorbed more than one third of the anthropogenic CO2 released to the atmosphere, currently, at a rate of over 1 million tons per hour, totaling to about one quarter of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions annually. Uptake of CO2 by the ocean has played an important role in stabilizing climate by mitigating global warming. However, rising ocean carbon levels caused by the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 (acidic gas) leads to increased ocean acidity (reduced pH) and related changes in ocean carbonate chemistry, or “ocean acidification”. Recent research has shown that ocean acidification affects the physiology, growth, survival, and reproduction of many, if not most marine organisms. Ultimately, future ocean acidification may lead to significant changes in many marine ecosystems, with consequential impact on ecosystem services to societies. Several ocean acidification events are known to have occurred during Earths history, each coinciding with high rates of species extinctions. Although the mechanisms involved in past massive species extinction associated with ocean acidification events, they certainly hint potential disastrous impacts on ecosystem functions in short future.
Ocean Acidification
Marine ecosystem
Ocean chemistry
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Increasing atmospheric CO2 is not only increasing global temperature but also rapidly acidifying seawater through formation of carbonic acid (ocean acidification). Emerging evidence from laboratory research indicates that predicted changes in ocean environments could have profound implications for marine ecosystem, however, it is relatively unclear how marine biota will respond to ocean warming and acidification. Furthermore, most published papers have used future atmospheric CO2 concentration in their experimental protocols, ignoring spatial heterogeneity of seawater carbonate chemistry, which is most manifested in coastal regions and deep sea. This paper first summarizes empirical evidence on effects of CO2 on marine organisms, and then discusses the importance of considering local CO2 conditions to improve our prediction ability on the fate of marine organisms in acidified oceans. Marine molluscs have been shown to be highly sensitive to elevations of ambient CO2, in particular during larval shell formation. In addition, data have been accumulated on sublethal impacts on morphology, physiology and behavior. Early development of echinoderms are also significantly affected by elevations of seawater pCO2, however, there seems to be a difference in interspecies CO2 sensitivity from different latitudes and also a high intra-species sensitivity. Gonad development can be severely impacted by high CO2. As compared with CO2 sensitivity known for molluscs and echinoderms, some crustaceans, particularly copepods and amphipods, and fish appear to be less vulnerable to CO2. Anthropogenic impacts on coastal environment are multifaceted and complex. Scientific endeavor is of utmost necessity to secure this most productive marine region. Investigations reflecting local biotic and abiotic conditions are needed to precisely predict how coastal ecosystem will shape in the face of changing environment.
Ocean Acidification
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Ocean chemistry
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Ocean acidification after ‘Warm House’ is another global environmental problem caused by increasing emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO2).Ongoing ocean acidification increasingly affects marine ecosystems and commercial fisheries by changing seawater pH and CaCO3 saturation.On one hand,ocean acidification as an environmental stressor could destroy internal acid-base homeostasis of marine life.On the other hand,the decrease of seawater pH and CaCO3 saturation caused by ocean acidification would affect the formation of carbonate shell and the process of biomineralization of marine life because of the change of dynamic balance of ocean CO2-carbonate system.Nearshore zone is the juncture belt of atmosphere,lithosphere and biosphere characterized by complex environment and abundant fishery resources;it is also an important place for artificial breeding of commercial marine species.In this paper,we reviewed the impacts of ocean acidification on nearshore fisheries mainly from the studies on both ocean acidification as an environmental stressor and its effects on marine life biomineralization.
Ocean Acidification
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Ocean chemistry
Marine life
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Provisioning
Marine ecosystem
Marine conservation
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Marine protected area
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The energy that oyster larvae must expend when carbon dioxide concentrations are high taxes their limited resources.
Ocean Acidification
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Abstract Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C. 2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 414–432. Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world’s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO2 chemistry. CO2 influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.
Ocean Acidification
Marine ecosystem
Biota
Acartia tonsa
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Ocean acidification, a direct consequence of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, has emerged as a critical area of concern within the scientific community. The world's oceans absorb approximately one-third of human-caused CO2 emissions, leading to chemical reactions that reduce seawater pH, carbonate ion concentration, and saturation states of biologically important calcium carbonate minerals. This process, known as ocean acidification, has far-reaching implications for marine ecosystems, particularly for marine organisms such as fish, whose migratory patterns are integral to the health and function of these ecosystems.
Ocean Acidification
Marine ecosystem
Marine species
Saturation (graph theory)
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Ocean Acidification
Mariculture
Marine ecosystem
Biogeochemistry
Ocean chemistry
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